مطالب

Individual differences are one of the most fundamental facts of human life. Knowing the differences, wisdom and their results is very important in building the human worldview and his social interactions. On the other hand, answering the questions and resolving the ambiguities surrounding an important issue such as divine justice depends on knowing the wisdom and results of individual differences. By differentiating between wisdom (philosophy of existence) and result (result of presence) of individual differences, this research examines verses and narrations related to the subject. The research method is descriptive-analytical in such a way that after collecting verses and narrations with library search tools, it analyzes their content. The results of the research show that: divine will, knowledge of God, employment of people, consistency of human life, creation of different positions and different duties, mutual recognition, divine test and display of divine justice are among the most important wisdoms of individual differences in the verses and traditions. Also, the most important results and consequences of these differences are: difference in responsibilities, not judging each other, consulting, avoiding fault-finding and blaming others, pardoning and accepting excuses, and respecting capacity for duty.

By referring to the moral verses of the Qur'an, we can understand that the goal of morality is to achieve spiritual perfection and human dignity, which was meant for him in creation. Human happiness in two worlds depends on his perfections. means to achieve this goal are provided equally for humans and the desire to do good is the first nature and the direct state of human beings. the desire for evil and destruction is a secondary state. Man naturally wants goodness and looks for beauty. He avoids evil and turns away from ugliness. God has given man will and authority and created him free, so that he can do good by his will, avoid evil and show his competence in choosing the right. Pragmatism is a philosophical approach that views speech and behavior as tools for prediction, problem solving, and action, and rejects the idea that the function of thought is to represent or reflect reality. In this research, using the method of content analysis, the comparison of Quranic ethics and the ethical school of pragmatism has been made, and the result was that the Holy Quran has defined criteria and criteria in expressing ethical life and has paid attention to the happiness of humans, and God's satisfaction is the goal of moral behavior. pragmatist ethics has not set a definite index and considered the criterion of moral action to be human recognition, and in expressing ethics, he has only dealt with material and worldly affairs and ignored spirituality.

How easily people are able to initially learn foreign language vocabulary depends on a number of different factors including effective variables such as motivation, anxiety, the cognitive processes involved in utilizing different strategies, and most relevant to the present study, linguistic features of the words themselves which is also known as mental lexicon. Thus, one of the major problems learners face in language learning either in EFL or ESL settings is the issue of vocabulary or the mental lexicon that has been changing constantly over time. Therefore, the current study aimed to find out if EFL learners’ crystallized intelligence can significantly correlate with their mental lexicon. To this aim, 80 EFL learners were asked to fill out a C-test which is a reliable instrument to measure crystallized intelligence, and the Lex30 word association test to measure their mental lexicon. Moreover, the study aimed at finding any significant differences between male and female EFL learners concerning their mental lexicon and crystallized intelligence. To analyze the data, Pearson Correlation and Independent sample T-Test were run. The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between crystallized intelligence and mental lexicon with no significant differences between males and females. This research has some implications for teachers, supervisors, as well as syllabus designers in a way to achieve better language acquisition.

Introduction : What is referred to as a trade name is something far more than a name. Some psychological research on ethics suggests that information about specific ethical characteristics of brands can be considered as the ethical "character" of the brand. The present study tries to draw the model of ethical personality of the brand in Iran's consumer products market. Material and Methods: The current study was developmental-applied research and was conducted using a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative). In the qualitative part, the statistical population included all experts in management and marketing sciences, 29 of whom were selected by purposeful sampling. The tool was semi-structured interviews and the results were extracted with content analysis method and NVivo software. In the quantitative part, the statistical population included all the consumers of the selected brands of the national festival of the top popular Iranian brands in the second half of 2016 in Tehran. From this society, a sample of 1670 people was selected by stratified sampling method with proportional allocation. The questionnaire tool was researcher-made and the data were analyzed by performing exploratory factor analysis and then confirmatory factor analysis. Results: The findings of this study included 74 ethical indicators in the qualitative part, and in the quantitative part of the research, among the 74 personality traits identified for the brands of consumer products in the Iranian market, only 22 ethical indicators have a sufficient factor load and the necessary sufficiency to explain. They had a confirmed model that was categorized into 5 personality factors. Conclusion: The factors and indicators that make up the brand's ethical personality model include five factors; 1) Pleasurable (dignified, distinguished, hardworking, always helpful, powerful and strong, skilled, attractive, creative); 2) Qualified businessman (efficient, worthy and worthy, competitive); 3) Efficient (friend of the little ones, old friend, funny); 4) Intimacy agent (inefficient, uncommitted, duplicitous, unkind); 5) Narcissistic agent (forceful, tyrannical, mischievous, narcissistic).

Introduction : Civil society can lead to good governance by relying on civil ethics and legality. Civil ethics is the core and essence of civil society. The realization of good governance as one of the development models is not possible without the participation and presence of the civil sector. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to analyze the obstacles to achieving good governance in the public sector with an emphasis on civil ethics in the city of Yazd. Material and Method s : The qualitative research method was using qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. The participants were active activists in the public (civil) sector in Yazd. 10 interviews were conducted using the purposeful theoretical sampling method, the data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. The validity and reliability of the research data collection tools were confirmed, and the theme analysis method based on open coding was used to analyze the data. Results : The results showed that the main obstacles to not realizing good governance in the civil sector are: intra-group distrust and the challenge of becoming a circle of civil organizations, the challenge of creating tools from civil organizations and the emergence of extra-group distrust, inter-group distrust and the challenge Self-destruction, promotion of passive participation and emergence of individualistic spirit, structural inefficiency and emergence of structural problems. Strengthening the public sector and increasing social capital and civic ethics can facilitate the achievement of good governance. Conclusion : Civil ethics is one of the most important variables in the realization of good governance and can be effective in the direction of moral excellence of society and desirable perfection.

Introduction: The purpose of this research is to design and explain the model of professional ethics relations and the level of implementation of the policies of the Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization of the country (a case study of the General Directorate of Natural Resources and Watershed Management in the North of Kerman Province). Material and Methods: In terms of the purpose of this research, it was developmental and applied, which was done in a mixed way. In the qualitative part of the society, there were university professors and experts in the field of human resources management, from among whom 30 people were selected by a judgment method. The tool was exploratory interviews and finally the data was analyzed with Delphi technique. In the quantitative part, the descriptive method was of the correlation type. The statistical population included all the managers and employees of the General Directorate of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Kerman province and the sub-departments of the cities. The sample consisted of 358 people who were selected based on the available sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect the required data. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test and structural equation modeling) using SPSS23 and AMOS23 software. Results: In the qualitative section, 70 sub-dimensions (indices) related to professional ethics were summarized in 5 factors and 79 sub-dimensions (indices) related to the implementation of the organization's policies were summarized in 4 factors. The analysis of the data in the quantitative part showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the variable of professional ethics and the level of implementation of the organization's policies. Extra-organizational and individual (extra-personal) on the implementation of the organization's policies is significant at the 5% level, and the positive path coefficients show that these structures have had an increasing (direct) effect on the implementation of the organization's policies. Conclusion: Based on the present research, it was found that professional ethics has a significant effect on the level of implementation of the organization's policies.