مطالب

English for Academic Purposes (EAP) is derived from the umbrella term ESP, which means to meet learners’ and employers’ needs. It has gained a noticeable role as a language of knowledge dissemination, which has developed into an ongoing need for the improvement of language proficiency among non-English major university students. This has highlighted the significance of EAP courses, which are dominant in the context of Iranian universities. Although there is a reasonable body of contemporary research in the realm of ESP/EAP instruction nationwide, much of the literature in the Iranian EAP setting has been concentrated mainly on quantitative survey-based or experimental studies examining the syllabus and teaching contents with little or no attention to the teaching methodology. Moreover, there is scant research on the body of current EAP literature demonstrating a holistic picture of the running courses in terms of syllabus and methodology in EAP. The present paper aims at shedding light on the existing status of EAP courses for Iranian Islamic students in the tertiary educational system of Islamic universities of Iran through a comprehensive review of some major studies conducted in the related realm. Furthermore, it examines some of the major challenges and criticisms levelled at EAP instruction and EAP courses for Islamic students in Iranian higher education, with a focus on two major dimensions: syllabus and teaching methodology. The paper concludes by giving some practical and pedagogical implications for EAP practitioners, emphasizing the role of teaching methodology, aiming to raise the practitioners’ awareness in promoting the efficiency of EAP courses.

This study examined the correlation between economic growth and the impact on the environment, specifically focusing on the concept of environmental sustainability. The World Bank's Adjusted Net Savings (ANS) data is utilized in this study to gauge the strain on the environment, specifically through the measurement of natural disinvestment. This measurement encompasses the cumulative effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) damage, as well as depletions in minerals, energy, and forest resources. This study uses panel data with respect to the endogeneity of explanatory variables to estimate the real effect of per capita income and the other variables on environmental pressure. In this regard, employing the panel Fixed-Effects Instrumental Variable (IV) methodology, the data from 213 countries have been used in the period from 1990 to 2018. Through regression analysis, it has been discovered that there is a direct correlation between income and the impact on the environment in developing nations. However, this relationship is notably more pronounced in low-income countries compared to high-income countries. Additionally, the study reveals that trade expansion contributes to an increase in environmental pressure across all groups of countries. An increase in the school enrolment rate can affect the environment in developed and high-income developing countries. Moreover, the variable effect of capital openness on environmental pressure was estimated to be positive for developed and high-income countries. However, this effect was found to be negative for low-income countries. Finally, the result showed that developing countries should improve their legal structure and also reduce the bureaucracy and complexity of the laws.

Aging and its consequences have made population aging a major social issue. Aging populations are likely to exacerbate inequality by increasing the public and private financial burdens of social welfare costs. The goal of this study was to estimate the effects of aging on income inequality for 81 countries (37 developing and 44 developed) from 2000 to 2020. The study used a dynamic panel approach in a generalized method of moments (GMM) framework. This study's findings confirm a positive relationship between aging and income inequality in both developing and developed countries, and it demonstrates that the aging effect on income inequality is greater in developing countries than in developed countries. Furthermore, improving human capital, increasing per capita income, proper management, and use of total natural resource rents (% of GDP) in countries, and increasing trade between countries reduce income inequality, according to the findings of this study. Policymakers should reduce income inequality by investing in education, increasing per capita income, managing, and utilizing total natural resource rents (as a percentage of GDP), expanding trade with other countries, and planning for the effects of aging.

Purpose: One of the social problems of football spectators is their delinquent behavior and the reasons for this behavior. As a result, the aim of this study was identifying and ranking the effective factors in the delinquency of football spectators in Iran and its prevention strategies. Methodology: This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was quantitative. The research population was football spectators in Iran, which the sample size were determined 400 people and this number were selected with using available sampling method. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire of delinquency of football spectators, which its face validity and reliability were confirmed and the data obtained from its implementation were analyzed with exploratory factor analysis test and Friedman's test in SPSS version 23. Findings: The results of the exploratory factor analysis test showed that the effective factors in the delinquency of football spectators in Iran were included the socio-economic factors, mental-psychological factors, managerial factors, events inside the football field and media, which whose content validity was higher than 0.60 and whose Cronbach's and combined reliability was higher than 0.80. Also, the results of Friedman's test showed that the most effective factors in the delinquency of football spectators in Iran were included the events inside the football field, managerial factors, socio-economic factors, mental-psychological factors and media, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results of this research, in order to reduce the delinquency of football spectators in Iran, respectively can manage the events inside the football field, improve the managerial factors, promote the socio-economic factors and mental-psychological factors, and optimize the media behaviors.

Purpose: Education is one of the important factors of economic and social development and the education industry is one of the largest and most tangible industries in the world. Therefore, the aim of this study was to providing a customer value maturity model based on the dynamic capabilities of educational institutions. Methodology: This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was qualitative. In this study number of 15 people after checking the inclusion criteria such as work experience of at least 10 years and at least bachelor's education with using the purposive sampling method were selected from among the experts of non-governmental educational institutions of the senior school in Tehran city. The tool of the current research was a semi-structured interview with selected experts, which its validity was confirmed by the triangulation method and its reliability was calculated by the method of the coefficient of agreement between two coding 0.88. Data were analyzed by content analysis method. Findings: The results of the present study indicated that for the customer value maturity model based on the dynamic capabilities of educational institutions were identified number of 268 open codes in 5 core codes or levels, respectively including the analysis the value proposition of customer, definition and design the value proposition of customer, management and expansion the value proposition of customer, implementation and execution the value proposition of customer and evaluation and optimization the value proposition of customer. Therefore, the educational programs in the customer value maturity model based on the dynamic capabilities of educational institutions were drawn at five levels based on the level of maturity and value. Conclusion: According to the identified codes and levels for the customer value maturity model based on the dynamic capabilities of educational institutions can be taken an effective step in the direction of customer value maturity.

Purpose: Today, lifestyle plays an important role in improving people's living conditions. As a result, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the components of informal education of improve the lifestyle of employees. Methodology: The current research in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of data was qualitative. The population of the current research was written sources related to the research field and organizational and universal experts in this field, and the sample of this study was 19 case of written sources and 20 people of experts who were selected by purposive and snowball sampling methods. Data were collected by taking notes from written sources and semi-structured interviews with experts and were analyzed by coding method according to the grounded theory in MAXQDA version 2020 software. Findings: The findings showed that informal education of improve the lifestyle of employees had 136 concepts in 12 components; So that in the central phenomenon section including two components of nature and method, in the causal conditions section including two components of organizational culture and individual factors, in the contextual conditions section including two components of educational facilities and managers' support, in the intervening conditions section including two components of legal obstacles and infrastructural obstacles, in the strategies section including two components of internal organization and organizational knowledge and in the consequences section including two components of competency improvement and empowerment. Conclusion: Considering the components of informal education of improve the lifestyle can be taken effective steps to improve the lifestyle of employees.