مطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز (مدیریت سبز و توسعه سابق)

Participation in the governance of decentralized, small-scale natural systems has been widely explored as an approach to sustainable development and environmental management, particularly in local contexts. Given the inherently local character of the Sistan region (Iran), one promising strategy to support environmental conservation and local culture—while simultaneously revitalizing and renewing villages, preventing migration and unemployment, and enhancing infrastructure, welfare, services, and healthcare—is the development of sustainable eco-villages. Although numerous scientific studies have examined the management of tourist villages and ecosystems in other countries, similar research adopting a participatory approach involving local communities remains scarce in Iran. This study aims to investigate the level of participation, attitudes, and decision-making preferences of local residents and a panel of local experts regarding the development of tourist villages in the Sistan region, with a focus on sustainability and environmental management. Accordingly, 289 surveys were conducted in 2024  among local stakeholders, indigenous residents, and non-indigenous tourists in the Sistan region. The findings indicate that villages with tourism potential and ecological compatibility are generally preferred by individuals aged between 35 and 55 years, who also tend to have higher levels of education and income. These individuals express a strong desire to be involved in decision-making and local urban governance. Self-sufficiency and economic prosperity, utilization of natural potentials, and enhancement of social sustainability—such as adopting sustainable lifestyles and experiencing authentic rural living—are identified as the most influential factors encouraging tourist participation in establishing sustainable eco-villages. Furthermore, factor analysis revealed that among the various dimensions of eco-village and environmental characteristics, the economic and natural aspects hold the greatest significance. Specifically, among the different factors examined, "self-sufficiency and economic prosperity" ranked the highest in importance.

Supply chain network design entails strategic decisions that critically shape the operational framework of a supply chain. The purpose of this study is to develop and optimize a green dental tourism supply chain network using metaheuristic algorithms. This applied research combines field surveys and library-based methods for data collection. Empirical data were obtained from dental clinics and three- and four-star hotels in Qom Province, forming the basis for model implementation. The proposed network integrates environmental considerations and seeks to minimize total supply chain cost. A multi-objective optimization model is formulated and solved using two algorithms: NRGA (Non‑dominated Ranked Genetic Algorithm) and NSGA‑II (Non‑dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II). The comparative analysis demonstrates that NSGA‑II achieves more efficient solutions and superior ranking of Pareto‑optimal fronts across the model’s multiple objectives. This study advances the design and optimization of sustainable dental tourism supply chains, providing practical insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders aiming to promote environmentally responsible and economically viable tourism services.

In recent years, escalating environmental crises have prompted a worldwide commitment to sustainable business practices, with the adoption of green initiatives and strategies emerging as a key solution. Organizational improvement is widely acknowledged as a crucial mechanism for implementing strategic programs and facilitating fundamental change within firms. This study examines the effects of green transformational leadership, green human resource management (GHRM), green innovation, and organizational support on the sustainable performance of manufacturing companies operating in the Shiraz Grand Industrial Park. Furthermore, it explores the moderating effect of perceived organizational support on the associations between green transformational leadership, GHRM, green innovation, and sustainable performance. Data were gathered through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) via AMOS software. The findings indicate that green transformational leadership, GHRM, and green innovation each exert a direct and significant positive influence on sustainable firm performance. These findings provide actionable insights for policymakers and managers aiming to design effective strategies for sustainable development.

In an era when global influence is increasingly shaped by cultural appeal and sustainable development, the intersection of sustainable tourism and soft power has emerged as a pivotal domain of scholarly inquiry. This convergence reflects the dual imperative facing nations today: cultivating positive international perceptions while addressing urgent environmental challenges. Countries that effectively integrate sustainability into their tourism strategies gain a distinct competitive advantage in diplomacy, economic growth, and cross-cultural engagement. This study explores the role of sustainable tourism in strengthening the United Arab Emirates’ (UAE) soft power, analyzing both its domestic initiatives and international branding efforts. Using a descriptive–analytical approach, the research draws on extensive library and online sources to assess the UAE’s policies, programs, and achievements in sustainable tourism. Findings indicate that the UAE’s strategic focus on sustainability has significantly enhanced its standing at both national and global levels. Domestically, government-led initiatives—such as the UAE Green Agenda 2030 and Dubai Sustainable Tourism —have produced tangible progress in environmental protection and economic diversification. Internationally, the UAE’s branding as a hub for sustainable tourism, together with foreign investment in green infrastructure and eco-friendly mega projects, has strengthened its global reputation. These efforts have not only attracted environmentally conscious travelers but also expanded the UAE’s cultural influence and diplomatic reach. Ultimately, the study demonstrates that sustainable tourism serves as a powerful instrument of the UAE’s soft power, simultaneously advancing its economic aspirations, environmental commitments, and positive global image. The UAE’s experience offers valuable insights for other nations seeking to leverage sustainable tourism as a strategic tool for soft power projection.

Sustainable human resource management (SHRM) is crucial for enhancing a company's sustainability performance by embedding sustainability goals and values within HRM. To effectively implement sustainable HR practices, organizations must identify the factors that lead to and result from these practices. This research aimed to conduct a meta-analysis of the Antecedents and outcomes of Sustainable Human Resource Management. It was fundamental quantitative research carried out using meta-analytical methods. The research community included previous studies (articles and theses) from Iran and other countries, covering the years 2000 to 2024. After identifying 29 studies based on specific criteria and extracting relevant variables, the effect size was calculated and analyzed using CMA2 software. The analysis revealed that environmental factors (effect size 0.756) were the most significant Antecedents, while other environmental factors (0.584) also played a crucial role. Among the eight identified Antecedents, the corporate social responsibility variable showed a small effect size, at the same time, engagement, HR maturity, strategy, and moderate high-performance work systems had a moderate effect size. Leadership style, social capital, and institutional pressures had a strong effect size. Among the 25 outcomes, customer satisfaction and poor employability skills had a small effect size , while employee behavior, job pursuit intention, moderate sustainability, and innovation performance had a moderate effect size. Strong outcomes included phonetic behavior, assisting behavior, empowerment, commitment, participation; leave of service, social sustainability, social capital, organizational culture, knowledge sharing, corporate social responsibility, organizational attractiveness, organizational support, employee retention, citizenship behavior, economic sustainability, organizational resilience, environmental sustainability, and environmental performance. Environmental factors play a significant role in the sustainability practices of human resource management within organizations, and it is essential to consider these factors when planning sustainability initiatives.

Social Responsibility Accounting (SRA) represents a vital framework that empowers stakeholders to evaluate how effectively an organization fulfills its social and environmental responsibilities through transparent and evidence‑based disclosures. This study seeks to identify and optimize the key components of SRA that most effectively mitigate adverse environmental impacts, employing the Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm (GWO) within the operational context of Ilam International Cement Company. The research adopts a mixed‑methods design to ensure both conceptual depth and empirical accuracy. In the qualitative phase, a systematic literature review was carried out to extract SRA components directly associated with environmental impact reduction. Out of an initial collection of 178 relevant publications, 16 studies were selected based on rigorous screening criteria, resulting in 12 core SRA components. In the quantitative phase, primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed through the application of the Grey Wolf Optimizer to determine optimal combinations of these components. The findings reveal that when six critical components—(1) the degree of commitment to social responsibility, (2) involvement in distinctive or exceptional sustainability actions, (3) clarity and transparency of SRA objectives, (4) stakeholder interaction and communication, (5) integration of SRA into strategic planning and budgeting, and (6) the extent of expenditure and investment in social initiatives—each exceed a threshold value of one, the organization achieves maximum effectiveness in reducing environmental harm. This study demonstrates that integrating theoretically grounded SRA dimensions with advanced metaheuristic optimization methods such as the Grey Wolf Algorithm can substantially enhance an organization’s ability to meet both environmental and social sustainability objectives. The results provide a robust and operational framework for industrial enterprises aiming to strengthen their sustainability accounting, enhance stakeholder confidence, and align their organizational practices with internationally recognized environmental governance standards.

In recent years, off-road (4×4) tourism has become one of the most popular forms of nature-based recreation in the forests of Gilan. The combination of forest trails, pristine landscapes, and the thrill of driving through rugged terrain has attracted many visitors to the region. However, the unbalanced development of this tourism activity has led to significant environmental and social challenges. This study aims to examine the environmental and social impacts of off-road tourism in Gilan’s Forest ecosystems and to propose practical strategies for the sustainable management of such activities. A descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, and data were collected through field observations, interviews with local communities, and a review of environmental reports. The findings reveal that off-road driving causes soil erosion, vegetation destruction, noise pollution, and a decline in wildlife population within the forests. From a social perspective, the growing influx of off-road tourists has altered local lifestyles, created cultural conflicts, and reduced community satisfaction with tourism activities. To mitigate these challenges, it is recommended that designated routes be established for off-road vehicles, environmental monitoring systems be strengthened, and educational programs be provided to raise awareness among visitors and local residents. Furthermore, the development of alternative forms of tourism—such as ecotourism and nature-based cycling—can help preserve the environment while fostering positive engagement between tourists and local communities.

In the face of escalating climate change and its cascading impacts, urban resilience has become a fundamental approach to achieving sustainable city management. Zahedan, situated in an arid to semi-arid region, experiences severe climatic stressors including rising land surface temperatures, declining soil moisture, intensifying droughts, and increasing occurrences of dust storms. This study investigates the role of urban green spaces in reducing climate vulnerability and enhancing resilience, focusing on two neighborhoods with contrasting environmental conditions: Daneshgah (University) and Shirabad. Utilizing Landsat satellite imagery, spatiotemporal changes in vegetation cover (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) were analyzed for the period 1980–2023. Climatic parameters—air temperature, precipitation, humidity, and wind speed—were examined through time-series analysis and validated using the Mann–Kendall trend test. Furthermore, the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making model was applied to evaluate and rank neighborhood vulnerability and resilience levels. The results reveal a marked decline in vegetation cover accompanied by a significant rise in land surface temperature over the past four decades. Drought indices suggest that decreasing precipitation and humidity levels are primary drivers of these patterns. The Daneshgah neighborhood, characterized by greater vegetation density, exhibits higher climate resilience compared to Shirabad. Vegetation in Daneshgah enhances urban resilience by absorbing carbon dioxide, releasing oxygen, reducing ambient temperature, and improving soil water retention, thereby mitigating air pollution and urban heat island effects. Conversely, Shirabad’s compact built environment, inadequate infrastructure, and limited green space intensify its climate vulnerability. The findings underscore the critical role of effective green space management—particularly through the cultivation of drought-tolerant species, adoption of smart irrigation technologies, and establishment of urban green belts—in strengthening Zahedan’s urban climate resilience.

This study investigates the relationship between government support and organizational sustainability through dual financial and green lenses. While government interventions—such as financial aid, training, tax incentives, and advisory services—are widely recognized as enablers of small and medium enterprise (SME) resilience, their nuanced roles in fostering both financial viability and environmental stewardship remain underexplored. Drawing on a descriptive-correlational design, the research employs a quantitative field survey targeting 384 employees of executive agencies in Kerman Province, Iran, selected via Cochran’s formula. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire (adapted from Islam et al., 2024) with a 5-point Likert scale and analyzed through structural equation modeling in Smart PLS and SPSS. Findings reveal that government support significantly enhances organizational sustainability, mediated by financial literacy and green value co-creation. Specifically, financial literacy strengthens organizations’ capacity to interpret and utilize public support effectively, thereby improving long-term economic stability. Similarly, government-backed initiatives that encourage green practices foster shared environmental and social value, reinforcing sustainability outcomes. Notably, while access to financial resources was positively influenced by government support, it did not directly mediate sustainability—suggesting that mere availability of capital is insufficient without strategic financial competence. The study corroborates prior work by Arshad et al. (2020) and Yeh & Kulatong (2019) but challenges conclusions by Beck & Demirguç-Kunt (2006), highlighting context-dependent dynamics in public support efficacy. Theoretically, the research integrates sustainability, resource-based, and stakeholder perspectives to demonstrate how policy-driven support, when coupled with internal capabilities (e.g., financial literacy) and collaborative green innovation, can drive holistic organizational sustainability. Practically, findings urge policymakers to design integrated support programs that simultaneously build financial acumen and incentivize eco-innovation. For organizations, investing in financial education and green co-creation with stakeholders emerges as a strategic pathway to resilience. This study contributes to the growing discourse on sustainable development by empirically linking public policy, financial behavior, and environmental responsibility in emerging economies.

It is essential to examine the values and motivations that influence sustainable fashion consumption in order to better understand consumer behavior and foster eco‑friendly practices throughout the fashion industry. Growing concerns about climate change, resource depletion, and waste management have intensified scholarly interest in this topic over recent years. This study explores how consumers’ expected consumption outcomes and personal values shape their preferences for sustainable fashion products. Data analyzed through a laddering technique applied to 23 sustainable fashion consumers revealed five dominant perceptual patterns. A hierarchical value map was constructed to capture both direct and indirect relationships among elements. Respondents identified “natural materials” and “quality” as the most salient product attributes, while “feeling good,” “social recognition,” and “a comfortable life” emerged as their core personal values. The findings enrich the sustainable fashion literature by offering deeper insights into how specific product attributes align with consumers’ emotional and symbolic associations and, ultimately, with their underlying personal values.

The present study analyzes the physical system of Abbasabad Garden in Behshahr, as one of the most prominent examples of Iranian gardens, and examines its impact on environmental sustainability. By combining natural and artificial elements, this garden offers an outstanding model of sustainable interaction between architecture and nature. The focus of the present study is on three main components including water system, planting system, and building system, each of which plays a fundamental role in improving environmental quality. The research method was carried out with a mixed approach including field studies, statistical analyses, and structured questionnaires, and data were collected through direct observation, interviews with experts, professors, and surveys of tourists and analyzed with SPSS software. The findings show that the Abbasabad Garden water system has been able to manage water resources optimally by using reservoirs, canals, and engineered structures. The planting system, by utilizing native, drought-resistant vegetation, has reduced soil erosion and increased ecological sustainability. Also, the building system using local materials and compatible with the region's climate has improved energy efficiency and created greater adaptability to environmental conditions. The results of this research show that Abbasabad Garden is an inspiring example of sustainable design that can be used as a practical model in contemporary environmental and urban planning. This research emphasizes the need to restore and protect this valuable heritage in order to strengthen environmental sustainability and preserve cultural identity.

Tourism has evolved into a global industry that drives economic growth, job creation, and infrastructure development. To remain inclusive, this sector must address the needs of diverse groups—particularly individuals with disabilities. Globally, around ten percent of the population lives with some form of disability, representing a significant market segment that is frequently underserved. In Iran, accessibility in tourism services for people with disabilities holds considerable importance. The city of Hamedan, with its rich history and cultural heritage, possesses strong potential for attracting tourists; however, it still faces challenges in providing accessible services. This study examines the impact of service quality on brand love in urban tourism, focusing on the experiences of tourists with disabilities in Hamedan. The dimensions investigated include accessibility, safety, customer perception, and tangible service elements. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), data gathered from tourists with disabilities were analyzed to assess how service quality influences their satisfaction, brand love, and loyalty. The findings indicate that all dimensions of service quality significantly affect tourist satisfaction and emotional attachment to brands. Accessibility and tangibles—such as infrastructure and cleanliness—were particularly influential. Enhanced service quality leads to stronger brand love and customer loyalty, ultimately encouraging positive word-of-mouth promotion.The study underscores the importance of designing inclusive services in urban tourism. By prioritizing accessibility and safety, destinations such as Hamedan can strengthen their brand identity, foster emotional engagement, and attract loyal tourists.

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of emerging technologies on green marketing strategies and brand-driven sustainable innovation in the digital age, alongside analyzing the phenomenon of greenwashing. This qualitative research employed a grounded theory approach, utilizing semi-structured interviews and open, axial, and selective coding for data analysis. The statistical population consisted of experts and marketing managers in the fields of branding and green marketing, from whom in-depth interviews were conducted for data collection. The findings revealed that during the data analysis process, initial codes were extracted and ultimately categorized into six main themes: "causal conditions," "contextual conditions," "intervening conditions," "strategies," "consequences," and "enabling factors." These core categories were identified as key components of the study, highlighting the complex interactions between emerging technologies and brand sustainability strategies. Furthermore, the results indicated that greenwashing primarily arises from the mismatch between brands’ environmental claims and their actual practices, leading to reputational damage and a decline in consumer trust. This research emphasizes that brands must prioritize transparency, authenticity, and the legitimacy of their actions, leveraging modern technologies for more accurate reporting and more effective engagement with consumers. The findings also underscore the importance of appropriate governance and the alignment of green marketing strategies with consumers’ real expectations.

Associated petroleum gas (APG) management presents a major environmental, economic, and legal challenge for oil-producing nations. As a byproduct of crude oil extraction, APG is frequently flared or vented, causing extensive greenhouse gas emissions, energy waste, and regional air pollution. Iran, despite its vast hydrocarbon reserves, flares around 17 billion m³ of APG annually—equivalent to 70 million tons of CO₂ emissions—constituting roughly 40 percent of national methane output. The Amak project, launched to curb this practice through technological modernization and institutional coordination, targets a 30 percent reduction in flaring by 2030. Employing a comparative‑analytical legal methodology, this study examines Iran’s APG regulatory framework, assesses the Amak project’s progress, and benchmarks it against exemplary experiences in Norway and Canada. The analysis identifies four interrelated deficiencies: (1) legal conflicts and gaps, notably between the Petroleum Law’s production‑maximization mandate (Article 22) and weakly integrated environmental statutes; (2) weak enforcement, with nominal penalties and limited regulatory access to real‑time flaring data; (3) institutional fragmentation among the Ministry of Petroleum, Department of Environment, and judiciary; and (4) technological and financial constraints under international sanctions. While the Amak initiative has cut flaring by 18 percent regionally, progress remains hindered by these systemic barriers. Comparative insights highlight Norway’s 95 percent flaring reduction achieved through carbon taxation (~ US$85 per ton CO₂), emission quotas, and stringent oversight, and Canada’s IoT‑based “FlareNet” monitoring network ensuring transparency and accountability. To achieve similar outcomes, Iran requires a holistic reform package: integrating environmental objectives within petroleum law, instituting carbon pricing mechanisms, expanding digital monitoring capabilities, strengthening inter‑agency governance, and incentivizing gas‑capture investment. Aligning legal, economic, and technological strategies can transform APG from a waste stream into a sustainable energy asset, advancing Iran’s compliance with the Paris Agreement and its broader sustainable‑development and public‑health ambitions.

Environmental instability and sustainability deficits remain critical threats to the continuity of small and medium‑sized enterprises (SMEs), particularly in pollution‑intensive sectors such as paints and resins. In Iran, the vulnerability of SMEs in this sector is largely rooted in unsustainable production practices and limited access to environmentally compatible raw materials. This study aims to identify and prioritize sustainability challenges and strategies, and to analyze their influence on sustainable performance criteria—integrating environmental, social, and economic dimensions. A two‑phase fuzzy Quality Function Deployment (QFD) model was employed under uncertainty. In the first phase, relationships between sustainability strategies and challenges were examined, with the fuzzy SWARA method applied to determine the relative weights of strategies in Isfahan’s paint and resin SMEs. The second phase analyzed interrelations between challenges and sustainable performance using the QFD “House of Quality” to map strategic leverage points. Findings from the fuzzy Delphi stage confirmed the validity of three primary constructs—strategies, challenges, and performance criteria. Results show that implementing sustainability strategies significantly mitigates core challenges such as financial constraints, volatility in raw‑material supply, and competitive market pressures. The analysis further identified emission reduction, energy efficiency, and product quality and durability as the most influential sustainability performance criteria. The study concludes that enhancing access to sustainable raw materials, supported by green financing and policy incentives, enables SMEs to reduce pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions, optimize resource use, and improve product longevity. Overcoming financial and sourcing barriers fosters technological innovation and operational efficiency, strengthening firms’ competitiveness in domestic and international markets. By integrating targeted fiscal, technological, and managerial interventions, Iran’s paint and resin SMEs can advance toward sustainability while contributing to national environmental and economic objectives.

Prevailing theories and development policies have historically framed nature primarily as a resource or instrument for fulfilling human needs. This orientation—even within the discourse of sustainable development—often sustains an anthropocentric and extractive relationship with the natural world. Drawing on the framework of care ethics , this article reconsiders the human–nature relationship by conceptualizing the Earth as an “other.” In this reframing, nature is understood not as a mere object or commodity, but as a moral entity—vulnerable, intrinsically valuable, and deserving of attentive care. Such an ethical shift has significant implications for legal and customary approaches to environmental responsibility. It redefines the foundation of liability, moving from reaction to actual harm toward proactive care and the prevention of conditions likely to produce future harm. Sustainable development, in this view, necessitates an ethical reorientation that privileges care, mutual interdependence, and moral attentiveness over purely utilitarian or instrumental considerations. Employing a descriptive–analytical methodology and drawing on extensive library‑based research, this study explores the theoretical underpinnings of this care‑centered perspective, as well as its broader environmental, legal, and societal implications.

In response to the expansion of green banking and the emergence of the metaverse, this study investigates digital marketing opportunities enabled by non‑fungible tokens (NFTs) and green digital assets. This research addresses a critical gap in the literature concerning the integration of green banking with metaverse environments, blockchain technology, and NFTs. The study aims to develop a conceptual framework for leveraging green NFTs in banking, enhancing customer engagement, fostering trust through blockchain-based transparency, promoting sustainability, and identifying security and regulatory challenges. The central research question is: How can banks utilize green NFTs within the metaverse to design sustainable digital marketing strategies? Adopting an exploratory qualitative approach, the study employs thematic analysis within an interpretive research paradigm. The research population comprises experts in business management, digital marketing, and blockchain— including faculty members from universities such as Mazandaran and Shahid Beheshti—as well as experienced metaverse users active on platforms such as Decentraland. Data were collected through snowball sampling and 23 semi‑structured interviews, conducted until theoretical saturation was achieved. The analysis resulted in 244 initial codes, 30 organizing themes, and six overarching themes: (1) the impact of green NFTs on customer engagement and loyalty, (2) the role of blockchain in trust-building, (3) the influence of NFT design features on environmental perceptions, (4) the promotion of sustainable behaviors through digital campaigns, (5) implementation challenges, and (6) the role of influencers in advancing green initiatives. The findings indicate that green NFTs enhance emotional engagement and customer loyalty, blockchain technology strengthens trust and transparency, and environmentally conscious NFT design positively shapes sustainability perceptions. Practical implications include integrating NFTs into banking loyalty programs, leveraging blockchain for transparent green claims, developing sustainability-oriented interface designs, launching gamified green marketing campaigns, and adopting AI-based security and risk management systems. These insights offer valuable guidance for banking executives and digital marketers, while also highlighting the need for future research to examine the long-term effectiveness and behavioral impacts of green NFT–based marketing strategies.

This study investigates the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in combination with distinct business strategies on future financial performance. CSR is recognized for enhancing public welfare and aligning organizational activities with core values, while companies seek to improve economic outcomes with suitable strategies. Financial data from 140 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange over the period from 2008 to 2024 are analyzed using a multivariate regression model based on panel data. Additionally, data envelopment analysis is applied to assess the effectiveness of each company’s CSR practices, thereby providing an integrated perspective on the interplay between CSR and business strategy. Findings reveal that when a prospector strategy is adopted alongside strong CSR initiatives, there is a significant and positive effect on future financial performance. Conversely, companies employing a defender strategy show no substantial impact from CSR execution on subsequent financial success. The study concludes that CSR, when practiced in isolation, may not be sufficient to improve long-term financial results. Nevertheless, integrating CSR with a proactive prospector strategy generates beneficial financial outcomes. Unlike prior studies that typically evaluate the effect of CSR on financial performance in isolation, this research adopts an integrated approach by examining how CSR interacts with distinct business strategies. By comparing this combined CSR–strategy framework with the conventional standalone assessment of CSR, the study shows that the value of CSR is highly dependent on a firm’s strategic orientation and produces meaningful financial benefits only when aligned with a prospector strategy. This integrated perspective offers a more precise understanding of how CSR contributes to future financial performance and provides investors with a clearer foundation for assessing long-term value creation.