حسن سودمند افشار

یادگیری یک زبان خارجی از طرفی با نوعی دانش راهبردی و از طرف دیگر با سطحی از اضطراب آزمون ارتباط دارد، اگرچه معمولا داشتن اندکی اضطراب آزمون طبیعی است. مطالعه اخیر به بررسی رابطه میان استفاده از راهبردهای شنیداری، اضطراب آزمون و عملکرد آزمون شنیداری فراگیران ایرانی سطوح متوسطه و پیشرفته ی زبان انگلیسی به عنوان زبان خارجی پرداخت. بدین منظور 80 فراگیرایرانی زبان انگلیسی ( 40 نفر در سطح متوسطه و 40 نفر در سطح پیشرفته ) در این تحقیق شرکت نمودند و پرسشنامه ی استفاده از راهبردهای شنیداری لی (1997)، مقیاس اضطراب آزمون ساراسون(1975) و دو مونولوگ از عملکرد آزمون شنیداری که از بخش شنیداری تافل TOEFL ETS)) انتخاب شده بود را کامل نمودند. نتایج آزمون همبستگی پیرسون نشان داد که بین اضطراب آزمون وعملکرد آزمون شنیداری رابطه منفی معنی دار و بین استفاده از راهبردهای شنیداری و عملکرد آزمون شنیداری رابطه مثبت معنی داری وجود دارد.همچنین نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه نشان داد که استفاده از راهبردهای شنیداری پیش بینی کننده ی بهتری برای عملکرد آزمون شنیداری است.به علاوه نتایج آزمون تی مستقل نشان داد که بین فراگیران ایرانی سطوح متوسطه وپیشرفته ی زبان انگلیسی در میزان استفاده از راهبردهای شنیداری و میزان اضطراب آزمون تفاوت معنی داری وجود دارد.

This study investigated the characteristics of effective secondary school Iranian EFL teachers from students’ and teachers’ perspectives. To this end, 376 junior secondary school students and 32 EFL teachers teaching at various Iranian secondary schools participated in the study. A validated open-ended questionnaire was distributed among the student and teacher participants and asked for their opinions on key characteristics of an effective EFL teacher. A semi-structured interview was also conducted with the teacher participants to investigate why they deemed the characteristics important. The results of the content analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaire and the interview indicated that students and teachers were approximately of the same opinion, both highlighting teachers’ professional qualities (e.g., knowledge of the subject matter, ability to impart knowledge properly, etc.), classroom management-related qualities (e.g., involving all students by assigning pair work/group work activities, assessing their learning progress regularly, etc.), and interpersonal relationships as being of crucial importance for effective EFL teaching. However, they differed in the degree to which they perceived these qualities to be important

As the main part of a large-scale project, the present study investigated the relationship among reflective thinking, listening anxiety, and listening comprehension of Iranian EFL learners with regard to their proficiency level. To this end, 223 (106 intermediate and 117 advanced) adult male and female Iranian EFL learners from a private language institute took part in the study by completing the Reflective Thinking Questionnaire (RTQ) developed by Kember et al., (2000), the Foreign Language Listening Anxiety Scale (FLLAS) developed by Kim (2000) and a listening comprehension test selected from the listening part of IELTS. Using factor analysis and Chronbach’s Alpha, the questionnaires were revalidated and their reliability was re-estimated. The results of Pearson product moment correlations indicated there was a statistically significant: (a) positive association between reflective thinking and listening comprehension, (b) reverse correlation between listening anxiety and listening comprehension, and (c) reverse relationship between reflective thinking and listening anxiety of Iranian EFL learners. Furthermore, the results of multiple regression analysis indicated listening anxiety, compared to reflective thinking, was a significantly stronger predictor of listening comprehension. Additionally, the results of MANOVA revealed there was a significant difference between intermediate and advanced EFL learners with respect to their reflective thinking and listening anxiety. In the light of the findings of the study, foreign language education policy makers in general and EFL teachers in particular are thus recommended to introduce ways to enhance reflective thinking of the students and decrease their listening anxiety if they are to improve their listening comprehension. The results and implications of the study are discussed in more detail in the paper.