سعیده میرزایی

Due to the popularity of mobile phones and the internet, as well as the development of electronic devices and various software, numerous benefits and facilities have emerged. However, misuse of these tools can lead to serious problems such as deliberate harm to others or cyber victimization. This study utilizes the Everyday Activities Theory and questionnaire techniques to analyze the risk factors and stimulating reasons for cyber victimization among citizens of Kashan City. According to the research findings, there is a significant relationship between independent variables such as online protection, online proximity to motivated offenders, risky offline activities, online attractive targets, deviant lifestyle, and the level of cyber victimization. Among these, the correlation between online proximity to motivated offenders and cyber victimization is greater than other independent variables (r=0.505, sig=0.000). Path analysis results also indicate that the linear combination of the independent variables present in the model can explain 37% of the variance in cyber victimization.

The article, by using historical texts, attempts to reconstruct part of the ups and downs of the Caspian Sea’s southern coastal history, the importance of navigation on the shores and ports of the Caspian Sea, and the impact of Nader Shah's policies on the formation and prosperity of navigation in northern Iran. Based on library resources and a thorough analysis of the contents, the article seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What were Nader Shah Afshar's motives and goals in establishing shipping in the Caspian Sea? 2. Why the Russian government was suspicious of this issue? The findings of the study indicate that Nader Shah intended to boost the commercial prosperity of the country by forming a navy in the Caspian Sea and also achieve his political and military goals which were in contrast to the interests of the Russian Tsarist government. Finally, the main purpose of this study is to examine the state of trade, navigation, and shipbuilding during the Nader Shah period, by using the historical approach and archaeological evidence of the shipwreck off the coast of Chamkhaleh in Langarud County which is undoubtedly closely related to the political-military presence of the government and social presence. Hence, the role and position of local rulers of the Caspian Sea coasts and how they interacted with the Afsharid dynasty and foreign companies are noteworthy.