بررسی مشکلات مدیریتی منابع آب کشاورزی نواحی روستایی (مورد مطالعه: روستاهای مرکزی استان گیلان) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
از چالش های فراروی کشور در فرآیند توسعه، مسائل مربوط به کمبود و کیفیت منابع و مدیریت بهینه و صحیح منابع آب است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی مسایل و مشکلات مدیریت منابع آب کشاورزی روستاهای جلگه مرکزی استان گیلان به صورت پیمایشی صورت گرفته است که اهداف اختصاصی پژوهش حاضر را شناخت مسائل و مشکلات مدیریتی منابع آب کشاورزی در نواحی روستایی جلگه مرکزی استان تشکیل میدهند .ابزار اصلی تحقیق، تنظیم و تدوین پرسش نامه می باشد که پایایی مقیاس اصلی آن از طریق آلفای کرونباخ با 89/0 تایید گردیده است و روایی آن توسط اساتید و کارشناسان مربوطه مورد تائید قرار گرفته است.در این راستا تعداد 384 نمونه با استفاده از جدول مورگان تعیین و به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی انتخاب شدند. داده های گردآوری شده با استفاده از آزمون های آماری میانگین، انحراف معیار ، واریانس و تعیین بارعاملی در نرم افزار SPSS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که مسائل و مشکلات مدیریتی منابع آب کشاورزی در سه حوزه منبع آب، انتقال آب و در سطح مزرعه وجود دارد که مدیریت در هر سه حوزه، در سطح پایینی قرار دارد. در مورد منبع آب سه عامل برداشت های غیر اصولی، قوانین و برنامه ریزی های نامناسب و عدم نظارت استخراج شده است که این عوامل در مجموع969/77 درصد از کل واریانس را تبیین مینمایند. در مورد انتقال آب دو عامل، مشکلات ساختاری کانال ها و عدم نگهداری و تعمیرات مشخص شده است که این دو عامل 57 درصد از کل واریانس را تبیین مینماید. در مورد مسائل و مشکلات در سطح مزرعه نیز دو عامل عدم مصرف بهینه آب توسط شالیکاران و عدم مناسب بودن سیستم زهکشی استخراج شده است که این عوامل 556/63 درصد از کل واریانس را تبیین می نمایند.Investigating the management problems of agricultural water resources in rural areas (Case Study: Central villages of Gilan province)
Introduction Water has long been the most important development factor, especially the development of agriculture in the world. Although there are many water sources on the planet, about 97% of these sources are saline and a very limited amount is directly used by humans. Also, a little more than 76.1% of the earth's water is out of reach in the form of ice crystals or rivers, and the rest is stored deep in the earth. The special climatic conditions of the country of Iran, where dryness and inappropriate time and place distribution of rainfall are its unavoidable reality, have made any food production and sustainable agriculture dependent on the correct and rational use of the country's limited water resources. The main sources of water used in agriculture are rainwater, surface and underground water. With the combined use of surface and underground water, available water resources are managed in such a way that the deficits caused by rainfall (which is generally irregular) are compensated. In fact, with the combined extraction of surface and underground water resources, the total amount of extraction in annual periods will be greater than the total extraction of each of them in the mode of individual and non-combined exploitation. The agricultural sector plays a vital role in Iran's economy, because it covers about 11% of the gross national product, 23% of employment and food supply for more than 80% of the society. Methodology The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its method and nature. Also, the information required for this research was obtained in two ways: documents (library) and field. The data collection tool is based on the distribution of a researcher-made questionnaire the validity of the questionnaire was checked during several sessions with the supervisor and relevant experts, and to check the reliability, a number of questionnaires were distributed as a pre-test among the relevant statistical population. Considering that Cronbach's alpha for all research variables was higher than 0.7 and equal to (0.892), the reliability of the questionnaire has been confirmed. The statistical population of the present research is all heads of households in the central Jalgah villages of Gilan province equal to 21,446 households, of which 384 people were selected based on the Morgan table by random sampling method. In total, the questionnaire was distributed in 81 villages as shown in figure (1). In this research, primary data was collected and it was done in the SPSS software environment in the descriptive statistics section using statistical methods such as mean, frequency and frequency percentage, and in the inferential statistics section using factor loading analysis and Friedman's test. . Results The results of the research showed that there are management issues and problems of agricultural water resources in the three areas of water supply, water transfer and at the farm level, and the management in all three areas is at a low level. In the case of water source, three factors of unprincipled harvests, inappropriate laws and plans, and lack of supervision have been extracted, and these factors explain 77.969% of the total variance. In the case of water transfer, two factors, the structural problems of the canals and the lack of maintenance and repairs, have been identified, and these two factors explain 57% of the total variance. Regarding the issues and problems at the farm level, two factors of non-optimal water consumption by rice farmers and inadequate drainage system have been extracted, and these factors explain 63.556% of the total variance. Discussion Considering the characteristics governing the rural areas of the central Jalgah of Gilan province and the specific cultural characteristics of these areas and the adherence to traditional cultivation and irrigation which is clearly evident in the field observations, as well as the ineffectiveness of the role of the beneficiaries in the management and planning, implementation and operation of the project water resources, these factors spread the lack of attention to the protection of water resources and considering that the type of management of agricultural resources, especially in rainy cities such as Rasht and Anzali, can affect its development, paying attention to these issues and It is really necessary to promote the correct culture of water use, and the results obtained from this part of the research are in line with the results of the research (Ghaemi & Karimi, 2021). Considering that the rate of membership of rice farmers is more in rural cooperative companies, these companies can be used more in order to provide more services to villagers and rice farmers and solve their problems and issues regarding water affairs in their region, and in case of training, strengthening and Supporting these cooperatives can be effective in managing irrigation networks, and the results obtained from this part of the research are in line with the results of the research. Conclusion Considering that the majority of rice farmers, in times of problems related to water and irrigation, firstly, they know agricultural jihad and secondly agricultural extension and service centers to solve problems and ask for help, so it is possible to use these centers to hold training classes. And teaching new methods of cultivation and irrigation to the rice farmers was very beneficial. In the use of advanced irrigation methods and systems, the average use is low, the reason for non-use can be stated according to the opinions of rice farmers, primarily the high costs of using these methods.
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