ساختار و کارکردهای نهادهای تنظیم گر ویدئو مبتنی بر تقاضا(مورد مطالعه: چین، انگلستان و آمریکا) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
مسئله نهاد تنظیم گر ویدئو مبتنی بر تقاضا در ایران، همواره مطرح و مورد اختلاف محافل علمی و سیاستی بوده است. این مقاله تلاش می کند تا با مطالعه تجارب جهانی در عرصه تنظیم گری ویدئو مبتنی بر تقاضا، نظام سیاست پژوهی و سیاست گذاری کشور در عرصه سکوهای ویدئو مبتنی بر تقاضا را یاری نماید تا بتواند درخصوص تنظیم گری این حوزه مواجهه مناسب تر و روزآمدتری داشته باشد. نتایج این مقاله که با روش اسنادی و توصیفی-تحلیلی انجام شده است، نشان می دهد کشورها هر یک به اقتضاء شرایط داخلی خود به سمت یکی از مدل های تنظیم گری حرکت کرده اند و یک یا چند نهاد تنظیم گر با ساختار و کارکردهای مختص به خود تشکیل داده اند. وجود نظام حقوقی جامع (شامل سیاست های کلان رسانه ای و مقررات صریح) و به روزرسانی مکرر قواعد حقوقی، عبور از نگاه بخشی و همگرایی در تنظیم گری، وجود بازوهای پژوهشی ذیل تنظیم گران برای آینده پژوهی و رفع نیازمندی های نظری و عملیاتی آنان، نزدیک شدن مقررات حاکم بر سامانه های ویدئوی درخواستی به مقررات حاکم بر برودکست و استفاده از فناوری های نوین در عرصه تنظیم گری از یافته های این پژوهش است. توصیه های سیاستی نیز عبارتند از: «گفتمان سازی تحولات جدید در میان مدیران دستگاه های تصمیم گیر»، «تدوین سیاست های کلی رسانه»، «تدوین نظام حقوقی یکپارچه برای انواع فعالیت رسانه ای با نگاه جامع به سپهر رسانه ای کشور»، «استفاده از مدل نظارت پسینی تحت شرایط خاص»، «تدقیق تقسیم وظایف تنظیم گران (ایجاد هماهنگی و همکاری موثر بین آن ها)» و «حرکت به سمت وضعیت ایده آل همگرایی (ادغام تنظیم گران و ایجاد یک سازمان تخصصی تنظیم گر رسانه با حضور ذی نفعان مختلف)».Structure and Functions of Video-on-Demand Regulatory Bodies (Case Studies: China, UK, and US)
Introducion: The remarkable growth of video-on-demand (VOD) services to date, as well as predictions regarding their future-particularly in comparison with statistics on other forms of content-clearly demonstrates the significance and prominence of this medium. In the VOD market, data show that the number of users, the time spent watching films, and corporate revenues are all increasing day by day. However, this industry also faces numerous challenges that require appropriate regulation. In Iran, the issue of how to regulate VOD platforms has been repeatedly raised and debated in both academic and political circles. Yet, there has never been a consensus on the legal status, institutional structure, or responsibilities of the relevant authorities. This article seeks to examine global experiences-specifically, three countries-in the field of VOD regulation in order to assist Iran’s policy-making system in taking more informed and up-to-date actions concerning the governance of VOD platforms. Method: In this study, a documentary research method was employed for data collection, while a descriptive-analytical method was used for data analysis. This approach allows for the objective and qualitative description of concepts in a systematic manner, typically applied to written, oral, and visual materials on a given topic. The countries under study were selected to represent diverse and even contrasting regulatory approaches. Accordingly, China was chosen as a representative of the control governance model, the United States as a representative of the liberal approach, and the United Kingdom as a representative of the European legal control approach. Results: The findings of this study indicate that each country has adopted a regulatory model suited to its domestic conditions and has established one or more regulatory bodies with distinct structures and functions. The United Kingdom demonstrates a fully converged and centralized regulatory system through Ofcom, combining infrastructure and content oversight and extending authority to foreign VODs. The United States features a fragmented, multi-agency model with overlapping jurisdictions and reliance on self-regulation. China, by contrast, maintains a centralized, party-controlled regulatory structure (NRTA) that integrates ideological supervision with administrative and technical regulation across national and regional levels. In summary, the UK model emphasizes convergence and coordination, the US model reflects fragmentation and pluralism, and the Chinese model represents centralized control and ideological integration. The existence of a comprehensive legal system (including macro-level media policies and explicit regulations), the frequent updating of legal rules, a shift away from a sectoral perspective toward regulatory convergence, the establishment of research arms under regulatory bodies to conduct future studies and address both theoretical and operational needs, greater alignment between the regulations governing video-on-demand services and those governing broadcast services, and the application of new technologies in the field of regulation are among the key findings of this research. The proposed recommendations include: “Facilitating dialogue on new developments among the managers of decision-making bodies,” “Developing macro-level media policies,” “Formulating a unified legal system encompassing all types of media activities with a comprehensive perspective on the national media landscape,” “Applying the ex post monitoring model under specific conditions,” “Revising the division of responsibilities among regulators to enhance coordination and cooperation,” and “Moving toward an ideal form of convergence by merging regulatory bodies and establishing a specialized media regulatory organization with the participation of diverse stakeholders.”
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