ارزیابی تصحیح اخلاق ناصری به کوشش مینوی و حیدری براساس کهن ترین نسخه شناخته شده از کتاب (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
اخلاق ناصری از مهم ترین کتاب های اخلاقی فارسی است. خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی این کتاب را به سال 633 ق. نوشت، اما در دهه های بعد اندکی در مطالبش بازنگری کرد. اخلاق ناصری در زمان حیات مؤلف شهرت یافت. در طی زمان، نسخه های متعددی از آن کتابت شد و بر آثار اخلاقی پس از خود تأثیر مهمی نهاد. همچنین بعداً به ویژه در هندوستان بارها به طبع رسید. معتبرترین تصحیح آن را مجتبی مینوی و علیرضا حیدری ترتیب دادند. آنان در این تصحیح از پنج دست نویس متعلّق به قرن هفتم هجری قمری استفاده کردند. در حال حاضر، نسخه های خطی دیگری از این اثر شناخته شده که مهم ترین آنها مورّخ 656 ق. (محفوظ در کتابخانه مرکزی و مرکز اسناد دانشگاه شیراز) و قدیمی تر از همه نسخه های استفاده شده مصحّحان است. در این پژوهش برای نخستین بار، این دست نویس به صورت تفصیلی معرفی و بررسی شده است. از ویژگی های مهم آن می توان به برخی ضبط های کهنه تر به نسبت چاپ مینوی و حیدری، رسم الخط کهن و نیز حرکت گذاری تعدادی از کلمات اشاره کرد. در این مقاله، در اثر مقابله دقیق و کامل متن اخلاق ناصری به تصحیح مینوی و حیدری با این نسخه، نکات درخور توجهی استخراج شده است. ضمن اینکه با تکیه بر دیگر منابع، در متن تصحیح شده، توضیحات و واژه نامه های کتاب چاپی، اصلاحاتی ضرورت دارد؛ البته نسخه مورّخ 656 ق. همواره بهترین ضبط ها را ندارد و در آن افتادگی ها و اشتباهات متعددی دیده می شود. این نکته هم حاصل مقابله با متن تصحیح شده مینوی و حیدری است. درنهایت، می توان چنین نتیجه گرفت که تصحیح اخلاق ناصری به کوشش مینوی و حیدری همچنان اعتبار و ارزش والایی دارد. با این حال، براساس دست نویس های قدیم که در آن زمان ناشناخته بوده و نیز منابع گسترده تر و پژوهش های بیشتر، برخی اصلاحات در مندرجات آن لازم است.Evaluation of the Correction of Akhlaq-e Naseri by Minovi and Heydari Based on the Oldest Known Manuscript of the Book
Akhlaq-e Naseri is one of the most significant Persian ethical texts. Written by Khaje Nasir al-Din Tusi in 633 AH, the book underwent slight revisions in the following decades. It gained widespread recognition during the author’s lifetime and has influenced numerous ethical works over the centuries. The text has been reprinted many times, especially in India. The most authoritative correction was conducted by Mojtaba Minovi and Alireza Heydari, who utilized five manuscripts from the seventh century AH for their work. In recent years, additional manuscripts of Akhlaq-e Naseri have come to light, the most notable being one dated 656 AH, which is housed in the Central Library and Documentation Center of Shiraz University. This manuscript predates all those used by the correctors and has been examined in detail for the first time in this study. Among its significant features are the presence of older vocabulary compared to the Minovi and Heydari correction, distinctive calligraphy, and diacritical marks for certain words. Through a thorough and comprehensive comparison of the text of Akhlaq-e Naseri as corrected by Minovi and Heydari with this manuscript, several noteworthy insights have emerged. Additionally, based on other sources, it has become evident that the corrected text and the accompanying explanations and glossaries in the printed edition require further revisions. While the 656 AH manuscript does not consistently offer the best records and contains various omissions and errors, this observation arises from comparisons with the Minovi and Heydari corrections. In conclusion, although Akhlaq-e Naseri as corrected by Minovi and Heydari retains considerable validity and value, it is essential to incorporate insights from older, previously unknown manuscripts and additional sources to facilitate necessary corrections to its contents.
Keywords: Akhlaq-e Naseri, Khaje Nasir al-Din Tusi, Correction of Minovi & Heydari, Evaluation, Manuscripts
Introduction
Akhlaq-e Naseri, authored by Khaje Nasir al-Din Tusi (597-672 AH), is regarded as one of the most significant Persian works on ethics. Written in 633 AH, the text underwent two notable revisions approximately thirty years later. First, following the defeat of Hulegu Khan and the conquest of the Ismaili fortresses in 654 AH, the original introduction— which praised the Ismaili rulers and elders—was removed and replaced. Second, during the same revision, a brief commendation of Naser al-Din, the ruler of Qohestan, that appeared at the end of the book was also eliminated. In 663 AH, at the behest of a prominent figure named Jalal al-Davlat al-Din Abdul Aziz, Nasir al-Din added a chapter titled “On Respecting the Rights of Fathers and Mothers and Suffering from Their Disobedience” to the conclusion of the fourth chapter of the second article.
The most authoritative correction of Akhlaq-e Naseri was undertaken by Mojtaba Minovi and Alireza Heydari. This corrected edition was first published by Kharazmi Publications in February 1977 and is now in its eighth edition. Given the importance of this work and Minovi's esteemed position in the field of Persian text correction, this article evaluates the text. Mojtaba Minovi is recognized as one of the foremost researchers and correctors of ancient Persian literature, having edited and published key texts such as Nowruz-nameh, Wis & Ramin, Kalileh and Demneh, and Sirat-e Jalal al-Din Mangburni. Alireza Heydari is also celebrated as a significant scholar and cultural figure in the realm of book publishing. In addition to this collaboration, he, alongside Mohammad Ali Movahed, corrected and published the Ebteda-Nameh of Sultan Valad.
Materials & Methods
The primary criterion for evaluating the correction of Akhlaq-e Naseri by Minovi and Heydari is the oldest known manuscript of this text, dated 656 AH. This manuscript predates all those utilized by the correctors and is currently housed in the Central Library and Documentation Center of Shiraz University.
In this study, a comprehensive comparison of the entire printed text with this manuscript was conducted, along with the examination of other relevant sources. The following questions were addressed:
Is the correction of Akhlaq-e Naseri by Minovi and Heydari still sufficiently valid?
What issues can be identified in the critique of this correction?
Can access to newly discovered manuscripts rectify any potential errors in the text?
What is the validity of words that the correctors noted in their existing manuscripts but chose not to include in the final text?
e) Finally, is there a need for another correction of this book?
Research Findings
Historical Context of Akhlaq-e Naseri:
Akhlaq-e Naseri, authored by Khaje Nasir al-Din Tusi in 633 AH, stands as one of the most significant Persian ethical texts. The book gained prominence during Tusi's lifetime, undergoing slight revisions in the subsequent decades. It has influenced numerous ethical works over the centuries and has been reprinted multiple times, particularly in India. The authoritative correction by Mojtaba Minovi and Alireza Heydari relied on five manuscripts from the seventh century AH, with the most notable being a manuscript dated 656 AH, preserved in the Central Library and Documentation Center of Shiraz University. This manuscript, being older than those used by the correctors, was analyzed in detail for the first time in this study.
Features of the 656 AH Manuscript:
The 656 AH manuscript exhibits several noteworthy features, including older vocabulary compared to the Minovi and Heydari correction, distinct calligraphy, and diacritical marks for certain words. A thorough comparison of the text of Akhlaq-e Naseri, as corrected by Minovi and Heydari, with this manuscript has revealed significant insights.
Corrections and Recommendations:
The analysis indicates that while the corrections made by Minovi and Heydari are highly valid, the newly examined manuscript suggests necessary adjustments. Some of these adjustments include textual corrections based on the older manuscript and other sources, addressing incomplete or erroneous explanations, typographical errors, incorrect diacritics, and improper punctuation. Although the 656 AH manuscript does not always present the most accurate records and contains various omissions and errors, it still highlights the need for further revisions.
Discussion of Results & Conclusion
The correction of Akhlaq-e Naseri by Minovi and Heydari presents several positive aspects. Notably, the inclusion of a dictionary of Persian terms alongside their English equivalents is a significant feature. Both "The Glossary of Persian Words and Arabic Sentences" and "The Glossary of Defined Terms" are invaluable, complemented by the introduction and annotations. These elements greatly assist readers in navigating the complexities of the text.
Moreover, the corrected version exhibits commendable accuracy and clarity, aligning scientifically with other esteemed corrections by Minovi. However, revisions are deemed necessary due to factors such as the passage of time, the emergence of new sources and manuscripts, and possibly Minovi's limited oversight during the final stages of publication.
In this article, several corrections are proposed based on the examined manuscript and additional sources. These corrections fall into five categories: a) Textual corrections (utilizing the introduced manuscript or other textual evidence)
Incomplete or inaccurate explanations
Typographical errors
Incorrect diacritics
Improper use of punctuation marks
تبلیغات
