واکاوی بازدارنده های پرورش کارآفرینان ترکیبی (هیبرید) در نظام آموزش عالی با تمرکز بر اعضای هیئت علمی دانشگاه ها (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
کارآفرینی، اهرمی استراتژیک برای توسعه اقتصادی است و پرورش کارآفرینان، پیش شرط رشد و توسعه اقتصادی جوامع می باشد. در این میان کارآفرینان ترکیبی (هیبرید) با توجه به بالابودن احتمال موفقیت شان و شانس بالای کسب وکار آنها برای بقا، در سال های اخیر مورد توجه پژوهشگران قرار گرفته اند. هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر شناسایی موانع پرورش کارآفرینان ترکیبی در نظام آموزش عالی با تمرکز بر اعضای هیئت علمی بود. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی انجام گرفته و راهبرد آن نظریه پردازی داده بنیاد با رویکرد ظاهرشونده گلیزر (Glaser) بود. مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته به عنوان ابزار جمع آوری داده ها مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. به منظور گردآوری داده ها و با به کارگیری روش نمونه گیری هدفمند، با 17 نفر از اعضای هیئت علمی کارآفرین و صاحب کسب وکار مصاحبه صورت گرفت. برای بررسی استحکام پژوهش نیز چهار معیار قابلیت اعتبار، انتقال پذیری، قابلیت اطمینان و تأییدپذیری به کار گرفته شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها در دو مرحله کدگذاری حقیقی و کدگذاری نظری انجام گرفت. نتایج حاکی از ظهور 90 کد و نیز احصاء 13 مفهوم از مصاحبه ها بوده که در قالب 5 مقوله اصلی شامل "چالش های قانونی"، "ضعف های فرهنگی"، "ضعف های ساختاری-نهادی"، "چالش های اقتصادی-محیطی" و "موانع شغلی" به عنوان موانع پرورش کارآفرین ترکیبی در نظام آموزش عالی شناسایی گردید.Analyzing the Barriers for Nurturing Hybrid Entrepreneurs in the Higher Education System, Focusing on University Faculty Members
Entrepreneurship is a strategic lever for economic development and nurturing entrepreneurs is a prerequisite for the economic growth and development of societies. Recently, hybrid entrepreneurs have attracted the attention of researchers due to their high probability of success in their businesses. The main objective of the present study was to identify nurturing hybrid entrepreneurs in the higher education system among faculty members. This study was conducted with a qualitative approach base on Grounded Theory with Glaser's strategy. Semi-structured interviews were used as data collection tool. In order to collect data, 17 faculty members who are entrepreneurs and business owners were interviewed using purposive sampling. To examine the robustness of the study, four criteria including validity, transferability, reliability, and acceptability were also used. Data analysis was conducted in two stages: actual coding and theoretical coding. The results indicated the emergence of 90 codes and the identification of 13 concepts from the interviews, which were identified in the form of 5 main categories including "legal challenges", "cultural weaknesses", "structural-institutional weaknesses", "economic-environmental challenges", and "career barriers" were identified as obstacles to nurturing hybrid entrepreneurs in the higher education system.Introduction Recent empirical studies show that more than 50% of budding entrepreneurs start their businesses while receiving salaries in public or private jobs. This combination of salaried employment and entrepreneurship has attracted the attention of policy makers and researchers who called it "hybrid entrepreneurship" (Luc et al., 2018). Reviewing literatures shows that hybrid entrepreneurs have characteristics such as access to financial resources supported by a previous job; access to the already developed social networks of the companies in which they work; attaining higher levels of education that equip them with the conceptual skills needed in business; and acquiring a level of skill in management and finance (Chalwe, 2022). Most of the faculty members of the universities have these characteristics and are not legally prohibited to have a second job. Because of this, they have more potential to become hybrid entrepreneurs than other people. It is necessary to identify the obstacles to nurturing this type of entrepreneurs, so that by removing these obstacles, the country can benefit more from the faculty members' capacities. Therefore, the current study is trying to answer this question: "What are the obstacles to nurturing hybrid entrepreneurs in higher education system?"Case study In this research, those faculty members who have a business with a history of at least 3 years are considered as the studied community.Materials and Methods The current study is qualitative in nature and developmental-applicative in terms of purpose. The strategy used is Grounded Theory (Glaser method) and the data collection tool is semi-structured interview. A targeted snowball method was used to select the sample members. In order to analyze the data, coding was used based on the classical grounded theory strategy. MAXQDA 20 software was used to analyze the data.Discussion and Results In the open coding stage, more than 90 codes were extracted, after combining similar codes and removing duplicate codes, 63 codes were identified. In the second step and selective coding stage, 90 primary codes were categorized into 13 concepts and 5 categories. The third step is theoretical coding, which combines the categories by a communication model.ConclusionThe main topic in this study is the obstacles to nurturing hybrid entrepreneurs among academic faculty members. According to the findings, there are 5 main challenges that can be explained in the form of 13 concepts in the way of nurturing hybrid entrepreneurs among faculty members. One of the most important identified challenges is the legal challenges. This category includes the two concepts of "weakness in university rules and regulations" and "cumbersome rules of the business environment". Another important challenge indicates cultural weaknesses which are presented in the form of 4 concepts as "weakness of entrepreneurial culture among faculty members", "being anti-value", "unhealthy competitions" and "non-entrepreneurial public culture". Another main challenge is structural-institutional weaknesses. This means that the structures governing the higher education system (universities and higher education centers) as well as the education system at schools do not encourage people's tendency towards entrepreneurship. Another main obstacle includes economic-environmental challenges. According to the opinion of the experts in this research, the high initial costs related to starting a business, such as the cost of providing equipment, skilled manpower, and a suitable place for starting a business, are considered as significant obstacles. Also, the uncertainty condition in the country's business environment, the existence of high inflation rates in recent years, and the instability of prices have prevented investors from trusting businesses and their profitability. They have reduced the tendency of people towards entrepreneurship. Another main obstacle is due to the job conditions. This means that doing two jobs and playing two different roles leads to a kind of interference between the tasks in terms of moral and time and may reduce the productivity of one or both jobs
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