تعامل میان ساخت واژه و نحو در زبان علم: مطالعه موردی فرایند انضمام اسم و ساخت گروه های نحوی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
ارتباط بین دو حوزه زبانی ساخت واژه و نحو یکی از موضوعات مناقشه برانگیز میان زبان شناسان بوده است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر نیز، واکاوی ارتباط و بازنمایی تعامل میان این دو حوزه ساختاری زبان است. به همین منظور، به بررسی دو فرایند زایا در واژه سازی زبان علم پرداخته ایم که یکی از آنها محصول حوزه ساخت واژه است، اما می توان زیرساختی نحوی برای آن قائل بود. دیگری، موجودیتی نحوی دارد، اما رفتارهایی ساخت واژی از خود نشان می دهد. این دو فرایند به ترتیب فرایند انضمام اسم و ساخت گروه نحوی هستند. در پژوهش حاضر، 500 واژه از دفتر اول فرهنگ واژه های مصوب فرهنگستان زبان و ادب و 500 واژه از دفتر شانزدهم به طور تصادفی انتخاب شده ودو فرایند یادشده در آنها بررسی شد. چارچوب نظری پژوهش حاضررویکرد تعاملی به مطالعه زبان بوده است. ولیکن، در بررسی دقیق دو فرایند اصطلاح سازی ذکرشده از برخی ابزارهای پژوهشی رویکردهای نظری دیگر، نظیر طرحواره های ساختاری در رویکرد ساخت واژه ساختاری نیز بهره گرفته ایم. بررسی های صورت گرفته نشان داد که تعریف نام های مرکب انضمامی در دفتر واژه های مصوب فرهنگستان مؤید وجود زیرساختی نحوی در این نام ها است. از سوی دیگر، ازدست دادن نشانه های نحوی در برخی گروه های نحوی نیز، بیانگر واژگانی شدگی آنها است. تنوع طرحواره های ساختاری در فرایند انضمام اسم بیشتر از گروه های نحوی و درمقابل، زایایی گروه های نحوی از زایایی نام های مرکب انضمامی بیشتر است. همچنین، به طورکلی بهره گیری از فرایند ساخت گروه های نحوی در بازه زمانی 10ساله، سیر افزایشی داشته است.Interaction between Morphology and Syntax in the Language of Science: A Case Study in Noun Incorporation and Phrase Formation
The interface between morphology and syntax has been a disputed issue among linguists. The main goal of this research is to investigate the interface between morphology and syntax and represent the existence of interaction between these two structural modules of language. Therefore, we have studied two productive word formation processes in the language of science. One of them is the result of the module of morphology, but we can assign a syntactic substructure to it. The other one is itself a syntactic entity, but it shows some morphological behaviors. These two processes are respectively noun incorporation and the formation of syntactic phrases. For this purpose, 500 terms from the first dictionary of a collection of terms approved by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature, and 500 terms from the sixteenth dictionary of a collection of terms have been chosen randomly and studied in this research. The main framework of this research is the interactional approach. We have also utilized additional tools from other theoretical approaches, such as constructional schemas in construction morphology. The research conducted in this essay depicts the definitions of incorporating nouns, in the dictionaries, to confirm their syntactic structure. On the other hand, losing some syntactic markers in syntactic phrases demonstrates the lexicalization of these structures. This study showed that incorporating nouns had a greater diversity of constructional schemas than syntactic phrases. However, the productivity of syntactic phrases was higher in comparison to incorporating nouns. Furthermore, the usage of syntactic phrases had increased in the ten-year period. As a result, the overall trend was ascending.
Keywords: morphology, syntax, language of science, interactional approach, constructional morphology, noun incorporation, syntactic phrase.
Introduction
The most generative module of language is syntax. This statement encouraged the author to understand whether this competence of language in word formation of the language of science, which is one of the registers of language and could have its own word formation rules, is profitable or not. On the other hand, the formation of compound words is the most similar process to a syntactic process (Giegrich, 2009: 319). Particularly, one of the most productive processes of making compounds in Farsi is "incorporation". Noun incorporation in Farsi is the first type of incorporation according to Mithun (1984,1986), in which we observe 2 corresponding syntactic constructions. Thus, the existence of this syntactic sub-construction depicts that analyzing this word formation process is a good example of the interaction between morphology and syntax but the noun incorporation is not the only construction which has a syntactic side; the formation of a syntactic phrase is another process which is syntactic by itself, but in some cases these phrases lose their syntactic elements like "ezâfe" in this research. It means that the syntactic phrases also have some morphological behaviors and they could, as a result, take an account as another sign of the interaction between morphology and syntax. In this research, we have chosen 500 words from the first dictionary of a collection of words approved by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature, and 500 words from the sixteenth dictionary. We will find out whether the definition of incorporating nouns illustrates the syntactic construction or not. In the second phase, we will determine the syntactic and semantic roles of each constituent in incorporating nouns and syntactic phrases in order to understand which syntactic and semantic roles have been used more. For this purpose, the constructional schemas were helpful tools used in this research. It should be mentioned that our main aim is to demonstrate the interaction between morphology and syntax, but we have not made ourselves deprived of having certain semantic surveys.
Literature Review
The morphology-syntax interface has been a disputed issue in linguistics. The autonomy of morphology has led to 2 different approaches. The lexicalist approach is a term that has been used in generative theories (O’Neil, 2016: 242). According to this approach, the output of morphology is the input of syntax. Syntax, moreover, does not have any access to the internal structure of words and cannot change their meaning (Chomsky, 1970: 240). However, in the other approach, which is called distributed morphology, we do not have a coherent lexicon as we do in generative grammar. The only generative component of language is syntax which produces words, phrases, and sentences (Anoushe, 2021: 616).
Noun incorporation is perhaps the most nearly syntactic of all morphological processes (Mithun, 1984: 847). According to Kroeber's definition (1909: 541), "Incorporation is a process which produces a word from a combination of direct object to the verb. This new word has the role of predicate in sentences," while Sapir (1911: 255) is against this twofold syntactic-morphological perception. Mithun (1984), considers noun incorporation as a morphological structure. Rosen (1989), also has the same view and considers noun incorporation as a morphological process that occurs in the lexicon. However, Baker (1988), has a syntactic perception to the incorporation. Thus, it is obvious that the exact place of noun incorporation as a morphological or syntactic process is still a controversial issue among different linguists.
Methodology
The interactional approach to language is a new approach that is the main framework of this research. In this approach, we believe in independent modules of the language, but we also assign an interactional relation between them (Dabir-Moghaddam, 2020: 41). This is one of the most important principles of this approach which helps illustrate the dimensions of interaction between modules of morphology and syntax in this research. The interactional approach believes that there is a syntactic construction for each incorporating noun, and it is an template for producing these nominal compounds, and whenever it is necessary, this structure is transformed into that syntactic construction (Dabir-Moghaddam, 2020: 358-359).
As we have mentioned before, we have also had certain semantic analyses in this research. For this purpose, constructional schemas in constructional morphology are beneficial tools. The word "construction" is a concept that can be used in both levels of word formation and syntactic phrase (Booij, 2010a: 1).
One of the main processes of word formation is compound formation which is considered as a construction. The constructional schema for this structure has been shown here:
(1) [[a]Xk[b]Ni]j [SEMi with relation R with to SEMk]j
The double arrow symbolizes the relationship between a particular form and a particular meaning. The variable X stands for the major lexical categories (N, V, A, and P). The variables "a" and "b" in this schema stand for arbitrary sound sequences. The variables "i"," j", and "k" stand for the lexical indexes on the phonological, syntactic, and semantic (SEM) properties of words. In (1), the meaning contribution of the compound schema is specified, as morphology deals with the correlation between form and meaning in sets of complex words. For instance, the substitution of one of the incorporating nouns in this corpus is like this:
(2) [[hobab]N(DIR-OBJ(k [saz]Vi]j [a tool which shows the action SEMi is done on the patient SEMk]j
As it is obviously clear in this constructional schema, the first constituent of this construction is the direct object of the syntactic construction of incorporating the noun "Hobabsaz" [bubblemaker], this constituent furthermore has the semantic role of a patient in supposed syntactic construction. "R" depicts a relation in which a tool does an action on a patient.
Conclusion
The research conducted in this thesis depicts the definitions that have been used to describe incorporating nouns in dictionaries to confirm the syntactic construction of incorporating nouns. On the other hand, losing some syntactic markers, in syntactic phrases, demonstrates lexicalization of these structures. The most common syntactic role of an incorporated constituent in incorporating nouns was the object. In addition, the syntactic and semantic roles of most of the constituents used with predicate nouns, in syntactic phrases, were respectively "adjuncts" and "manner". Incorporating nouns had a greater diversity of constructional schemas than syntactic phrases. However, the productivity of syntactic phrases was higher. Furthermore, the usage of syntactic phrases has increased in the ten-year period since the year of publication of the first dictionary up to the sixteenth dictionary. As a result, the overall trend was ascending.
Acknowledgments
This essay is inspired by my master's degree dissertation. Thus, I should appreciate my professor, Doctor Mohammad Dabir-Moghaddam, who was the supervisor of this dissertation. I was not able to write even one word without his worthwhile pieces of advice. Secondly, I appreciate Doctor Mohammad Reza Razavi who always has had profitable comments in order to write a readable essay.
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