بررسی ریشه های جدال گروه های افراطی و مسلمانان در هند (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هند به دلیل داشتن ویژگی های منحصر به فرد، همچون منابع طبیعی، موقعیت جغرافیایی سیاسی، تنوع فرهنگی و تجربه های تاریخی، برای هر فرد نظاره گر و پژوهشگری از اهمیت بسزایی برخوردار است؛ زیرا جامعه هند تصویری از ناهمگونی و تضاد خواسته ها، تمایلات مذاهب و فرهنگ هاست. پیروان تمام ادیان و گروه ها از جمله مسلمانان در ساختار هند نقش بزرگی دارند؛ شخصیت هایی همچون دکتر ذاکر حسین، فخرالدین علی احمد و ابوبکر زین العابدین عبدالکلام، در دوره های مختلف ریاست جمهوری هند را به عهده داشتند. با قدرت گرفتن حزب ملی هندو «بهارتیا جاناتا» به رهبری «نارندرا مودی» در سال 2014 درگیری های فرقه ای بین مسلمانان و هندوها شدت گرفت. این خشونت ها و کشتارها اعتبار هند را در دنیا به عنوان کشوری با تسامح دینی قابل توجه خدشه دار کرده و سؤالات جدی راجع به وضعیت دموکراسی این کشور ایجاد می کند. نتایج این پژوهش، در پاسخ به سؤالِ «علل خشونت فرقه های مذهبی علیه مسلمانان هند کدامند؟» نشان می دهد آنچه در جامعه هند تعامل بین مسلمانان و گروه های افراطی را بر هم زده، از یک سو نابرابری های اقتصادی، اجتماعی و دینی در درون جامعه هند و از دیگر سو دخالت عوامل خارجی در دامن زدن به این اختلافات است. این مطالعه با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و با جمع آوری مستندات کتابخانه ای به بررسی علل مختلف ایجاد خشونت ها در کشور هند پرداخته است.Investigating the Roots of Conflict between Extremist Groups and Muslims in India
India because of its unique features like the, Natural resources, Geopolitical location, Cultural diversity and historical experiences, it is very important for every observer and researcher. Indian society is a picture of heterogeneity and conflict of desires, The tendencies of religions and cultures. Followers of all religions and groups, including Muslims, play a major role in the structure of India. Characters such as Dr. Zaker Hossein, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad and Abu Bakr Zin al-Abedin Abdul Kalam has held the presidency of India at various times Sectarian clashes between Muslims and Hindus intensified with the rise to power of the Narendra Modi Hindu National Party led by Narendra Modi in 2014. These atrocities and killings undermine India's reputation as the world's largest democracy and raise serious questions about the state of democracy. The results of this research, In answer to the question, what are the causes of violence of extremist groups against Indian Muslims? It shows that what has disrupted the interaction between Muslims and extremist groups in Indian society is, on the one hand, the economic, social and religious inequalities within Indian society, and, on the other hand, the involvement of external factors in fomenting these differences. This study uses descriptive-analytical method and by collecting library documents to investigate the various causes of violence in India.
Introduction
India is of great importance to any observer or researcher due to its unique characteristics, such as natural resources, geopolitical location, cultural diversity and historical experiences; Moreover, Indian society is a picture of the heterogeneity and conflict of desires, tendencies of religions and cultures. Followers of all religions and groups, including Muslims, play a major role in the structure of India, individuals such as Dr. Zakir Hussain, Fakhreddin Ali Ahmad and Abu Bakr Zina al-Abedin Abdul Kalam have held the presidency of India at various times. Sectarian clashes between Muslims and Hindus intensified with the rise of the Hindu National Party ‘Bharatiya Janata’ led by ‘Narendra Modi’ in 2014. These violence and killings undermined India's reputation as the world's largest democracy and raise serious questions about the state of democracy. The present study investigated causes of conflict and violence between Muslims and Hindus. The main purpose of this study was to identify the causes of violence and incompatibility between these groups in India. Regarding the need for a time and historical period in which violence against Muslims get continuously growing, finding the causes of these conflicts paves the way for politicians to control the crisis on the subcontinent.
1.1. Research methodology
Given the theoretical nature of this study, it employs-descriptive-analytic approach. In qualitative research design, data from historical, descriptive research are used. The data needed in this study are collected through library references, documents, and various internet websites and resources.
Discussion
The phenomenon of Islam phobia has opened its way to the countries of the East, and penetrated into the depths of ancient civilizations and ancient cultures, and threaten the peaceful coexistence of different human groups. The worst and most common form of Islamophobia is currently prevalent in India. Violations of Muslim rights in India can be divided into three main groups as physical violence, discrimination by the government officials, and the rise of Islamophobia based on the growth of nationalism or the spread of secular values, according to the Religious Organization and the General Assembly. As social divisions have deepened in India, and especially since the BJP rose to primacy, some believe that the presence of Islam in India has had an impact on Hindus. It has increased public tensions and reactions. Monopolies and discrimination against Muslims have emerged, especially in public, such as governmental jobs. Bharatiya Janata Party encourages extremist Hindu extremists against Muslims by using sectarian policies. Passing the controversial bill granting citizenship rights to non-Muslim immigrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan, and disregarding the rights of Muslim immigrants and killing Muslim immigrants is the legal authorization for genocide and the systematic removal of Islamic society from India. In the early days, in response to Muslim protests against the law, homeless Muslim men and women, surrounded by extremist groups, were drowned in their blood, waiting to die. The behavior of some BJP officials in the Indian state of Pradesh, who have officially asked the people not to buy anything from Muslim vendors, shows that Islamophobia is dangerously increasing on the part of the ruling party. The Russian Muslim Spiritual Association, and the Russian Association for the Defense of Religious Freedom have related the rise of Islamophobia and violence against Muslims and religious sites in India to the rise of nationalism and Hindu radicals supported by the Bharatiya Janata Party (www. rnz.co.nz). This situation has spread Islamophobia, and the exclusion of Muslims from economic, social and public life. It has paved the way for the migration of Muslims to European countries, so that about half of British Muslims are from Pakistan, and the rest are from India, and the state of Gujarat, in southern India, and the northern part of Bangladesh (Afkhami, 2009: 182).
Conclusion
India is the home of a multi-ethnic, multi-religious, multi-lingual nation where different peoples live together peacefully for many years, respecting cultural diversity. Few countries in the world have as diverse cultures as India. The results indicated that the Indian government has a duty to guarantee the human rights and citizenship of Muslims in the country, and to combat anti-Islamism and the rise of violence against Muslims. By sentencing anti-Islamists and extremists, the ruling party should provide a safe society and a peaceful environment for a dignified and respectful life for Indian Muslims. It should be acknowledged that the propaganda and militant actions of terrorist groups to expand purposefully their influence in the Indian subcontinent will endanger Islam and Muslims. Due to the ethnic differences caused by the propagation of Islamophobia in India and the very negative reputation of the terrorist groups of ISIS, al-Qaeda and the propaganda activities of this terrorist groups have weakened the position of Muslims in this country, rather, it will further fuel anti-Islamic sentiment in the region. In particular, the growing tendency of the West, after 9/11, has portrayed Muslims negatively and stereotypically, and Islam as a one-dimensional and repressive religion. The BJP Party can reduce negative sensitivities and perceptions towards Islam and Muslims by providing a rational dialogue between Muslims and Hindus and creating the right infrastructure for the healthy integration of Muslim minorities in society. Based on the findings, these conflicts are a reaction to the prevailing inequalities in society and civil rights. Because of these conflicts, the ground is prepared for the spread of racist and extremist thoughts in addition to reducing the level of social solidarity and creating a sense of distrust. In these circumstances, the official and unofficial statements of Islamophobia of some officials in India make the situation more difficult for Muslims, and intensify the conflict between Hindus and Muslims. The lack of cultural and religious harmony in India in general has led Muslims to be more marginalized and to prefer religious and ethnic identities to anything else. On the other hand, the weakness of the ruling party in resolving religious, cultural and social disputes has made its government a source of conflict in Indian society, and the unity of extremist groups and Muslims is the most important challenge for India's fledgling democracy.
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