چراییِ «به -زیستن» و «بد-زیستن» بوم های جغرافیایی (کشورهای جهان) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
بودن یا نبودن، مسئله این نیست؛ «چگونه زیستن»، مسئله است. این که چه بوم ها و بوم نشینانی در جهان زندگی می کنند، بر کسی پوشیده نیست، ولی مسئله این است که چگونه زندگی می کنند. «چرا برخی بوم های جغرافیایی، کامیاب اند و از «به زیستن» برخوردارند و برخی دیگر، در رنج اَند و با بد زیستن دست وپنجه نرم می کنند؟ یافته های به دست آمده از روش علّی-تجربی در این مقاله نشان می دهد: بوم هایی از به -زیستی برخوردارند که دارای «سکان داری شایسته» هستند. سکان داری شایسته، توانِ «رقابت پذیری» بوم را افزایش می دهد که این روند، رده ی بالاتری از «جهانی شدن» را از آنِ بوم می کند و سرانجام به زیستن را برای بوم-نشینان آن به ارمغان می آورد. هم بستگی نیرومندِ میان «سکان داری شایسته»، «رقابت پذیری» و «جهانی شدن»، با «کامیاب بودن» بوم نشینان، نشان می دهد که نایکسانی در به-زیستن بوم ها، ریشه در برخورداری نایکسانِ آن ها از «سکان داری شایسته » و به دنبال آن «رقابت پذیری» و «جهانی شدن» دارد؛ به گونه ای که توان رقابت-پذیری و جایگاه بوم ها در جهانی شدن، خود هم بستگی نیرومند و هم سویی با سکان داری شایسته دارد. فرجام آن که «زندگی شایسته» بوم نشینان، در گروِ «سکان داری شایسته» در بوم هاست.The Analysis of Why âWell-livingâ and âBad-livingâ of Geographical Territories (Countries of the world)
Introduction
To be or not to be, this isn’t the question, “How-living”, is the question. This is not unknown for people that what territories and the dwellers of territories do live in the world? But the [important] question is this: “how do they live?” why are many geographic territories enjoying of “well-living” and many territories suffered from “bad-living”? What factures influence on well-living of geographical territories, and what casual-empirical relation is there among them? What are most important factures? Well-living and bad-living of territories depend on numerous and varied factors so at first, it needs to be recognized most important factors. These factors are recognized when we find answer for this question: in the current world what are important and essential factors for development of a geographical territory? This article recognizes these factors and measures relation among them.
Materials and Methods
At first, this research makes a logical-causal series of concepts (decent leadership, globalization, competitiveness) that well-living depends on them in order to establish a casual- theoretical system; (Fig. 3), and then, by establishing statistical correlation among these concepts also measure the empirical and objective relation among them (Fig. 5). This research, at first, analyzes the concept of “well living” and then try to explain the reasons of “well living” of societies by discussing on two theories of well living (substantive good theory and gent-constituted theory). Finally this research creates casual relation (first step) and then empirical relation (second step) among concepts about “well living” to explain reason of well living and bad living of geographical territories. Therefore the method of this research is the causal-empirical method.
Discussion and Results
In the current world, globalization increases the links among territories. Cooperation and competition in a variety of fields are outcome of these connections. The growth of competitiveness in territories, because of using more resource, increase the well-living of territories. Because concept of “well living” tells us that people need to have resources to meet their needs in order to survive. There are considerable diversity and variety in the needs of people of different societies inhabited in geographical territories. So geographical territories cannot provide well living for their societies without cooperation and competition with other territories. Geographical territories for cooperation and competition with other territories needs a suitable pattern for managing their geographical space in the current world, “decent leadership” pattern is suitable pattern because: 1- citizens and well living are main core this pattern. 2- In “decent leadership” pattern, managers are responsive to their citizens and their needs and well living so they try to cooperate and compete with other geographical territories to get well living for their citizen. So globalization and competitiveness are two important factors for well living but these factors need ‘decent leadership’ pattern because this pattern needs to prepare well living of people because in this pattern, the government is dependent on the will of people and must be accountable and prepares well living.
The findings of causal-experiential method in this article shows: there are “well living” in the territories that have “decent leadership”. “Decent leadership” increases the competitiveness power of a territory which makes a higher rank of ‘globalization’ for that territory and ultimately, that (higher rank territory in ‘globalization’ index) presents “well living” to dwellers of territories. The strong correlation among ‘decent leadership’, ‘competitiveness’, and ‘globalization’ with ‘indulgence of the dwellings’ shows that the difference of “well living” [index] in among territories roots the difference of “decent leadership” [index], followed by, [the difference in] ‘competitiveness’ and ‘globalization’ [index]; so that the power of ‘competitiveness’ and the rank of territories in the ‘globalization’ [index] has a strong correlation with ‘decent leadership’. Finally, “decent life” of dwellings of territories is dependent on being of ‘decent leadership’ [pattern].
Conclusions
In the current world which is the globalization and competiveness are its obvious characteristics, old patterns of management of territories that have a non-democratic and up-to-down trend do not able to prepare well living for geographical territories. So geographical territories need a more harmonious pattern with era of globalization and competitiveness world. This suitable pattern for managing territories is “decent leadership” pattern. The funding of this research showed those territories that have better score in the decent leadership index, have also better score in the well living index. Therefore in the present world geographical territories require decent leadership for well living. Decent leadership pattern increases competitiveness ability and globalization index and consequently increases well living index for territories.
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