معنادرمانی در غزلیّات نادم قیصاری بر اساس نظریۀ ویکتور فرانکل (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
«لوگوتراپی» یا معنادرمانی، برگرفته از واژه «لوگوس» یونانی است. «لوگوس» به «روح» و «معنا» اطلاق می شود و با زندگی و مفهوم آن درآمیخته است. ویکتور فرانکل بنیانگذار روش معنادرمانی، بر این باور است که معنای زندگی از جنس یافتن است نه آفریدن. به اعتقاد وی می توان دغدغه های نهایی بشر را با گسترده نمودن چشم انداز او به زندگی و جهان هستی تا اندازه ای برطرف نمود و زخم های روحی ناشی از مشکلات وجودی را التیام بخشید. نادم قیصاری به عنوان شاعر و اندیشمندی که زندگی در محیط پرتلاطم افغانستان، رنج های بسیاری بر او تحمیل کرده، در غزلیّاتش رویکردی ارزشمند نسبت به شیوه های معنابخشیدن به رنج ها، رهایی از ابهامات ذهنی و درمان زخم های روحی ناشی از مشکلات وجودی ارائه نموده که از دیدگاه مکتب معنادرمانی حائز اهمیت است. این پژوهش که با روش تحلیل محتوای غزلیّات نادم برپایه معنادرمانی فرانکل فراهم آمده، به این پرسش پاسخ داده است که توجه به معنا و مقارن های مفهومیِ نظریه فرانکل در غزل و اندیشه نادم قابل ردیابی هست؟ نتیجه بیانگر این است که پذیرش سرنوشت مقدّر، معنایابی رنج، خوداستعلایی، دین گرایی و معنادرمانی با عشق، راهکارهای نادم برای مقابله با ابهامات ذهنی، مشکلات روحی- روانی و درک بهتر زیبایی های زندگی است.Semantic therapy in Nadem Qaisari's sonnets based on Viktor Frankl's theory
"Logotherapy" or semantic therapy is taken from the Greek word "logos". "Logos" refers to "soul" and "meaning" and it's combined with life and its meanings. Viktor Frankl, the founder of the semantic therapy method, believes that the meaning of life is to discover, not to create. According to his opinion, the final concerns of mankind can be solved to some extent by expanding his perspective on life and the universe and heal the spiritual wounds caused by existential problems. Nadem Qaisari as a poet and a philosopher whose life in the turbulent environment of Afghanistan has imposed many sufferings upon him, in his sonnets, he has presented a valuable approach to the methods of giving meaning to sufferings, getting rid of mental ambiguities and healing spiritual wounds caused by existential problems, which from the perspective of the semantic therapy school is important. This research, which was provided by the method of analyzing the content of Nadem's sonnets based on Frankel's semantic therapy, has answered the question that the attention to the meaning and conceptual symmetry of Frankel's theory can be traced in Nadem's sonnets and thought? The result shows that acceptance of fate, finding meaning in suffering, self-transcendence, religious orientation and meaning therapy with love are the best solutions to deal with mental ambiguities, psychological problems and a better understanding of the beauties of life. Introduction The 20th century is a turning point in the rise and evolution of scientific schools and theories. The efforts of philosophers and intellectuals to solve psychological conflicts and spiritual problems of contemporary era led to the emergence of schools of psychology in this period. Freud, Adler, kierkeɡaard, Oken and Maslow, each of them have provided solutions to solve human mental concerns. Oken believes that the meaning of life cannot be understood by itself (Oken, 1359: 37). Adler believes that the meaning of life is hidden in the struggle to reach the limit point of perfection (Adler, 1919: 141) and Maslow considers meaningfulness to be one of the outstanding values of healthy and self-flourishing people and believes: the opposite point of meaningfulness is meaninglessness, which is a kind of psychological trauma. (Maslow, 1971: 125). Cite this article: Journal of Lyrical Literature Researches, Vol. 20, No.39, 2022, pp.193-210. Publisher: University of Sistan and Baluchestan.Title of paper: Semantic therapy in Nadem Qaisari's sonnets based on Viktor Frankl's theory. The Authors: Abedkahkhazhale.A. & Barani. M.&Khalilijahantigh.M. DOI: 10.22111/jllr.2023.43777.3098 In line with Freud's "pleasure-oriented will" and Adler's "power-oriented will", Frankl presented existential analysis or semantic therapy. Semantic therapy or logotherapy is a school that emerged in the field of psychology in the last years of the first half of the 20th century by Viktor Frankl, an Austrian psychiatrist and neurologist. Frankl considers the three dimensions of "body", "soul" and "psyche" as constituents of human nature. In his point of view, "soul" is the central core and "body" and "psyche" are its cover. Such an attitude towards human provides grounds for paying attention to spirituality, which is one of the existential voids of contemporary man. The purpose of the research is to examine Nadem Qaisari's sonnet from the perspective of Frankl's semantic therapy. According to Frankel, emotional disorder is the result of a person's inability to discover the meaning of life, so the search for meaning in life is the most basic human driving force. In this research, the authors' effort is to answer the question after analyzing Nadem's sonnets, whether the attention to the meaning and conceptual symmetry of Frankl's theory can be traced and followed up in Nadem's sonnets and thought? Research method In this research, which is provided by analytical-descriptive approach and by using library sources, the authors try to; First, put forward Frankel's systematic views on meaning; Then analyze the conceptual symmetries in Nadem's sonnets based on these points of views. 3) Discussion Viktor Frankl, by explaining the theory of logotherapy, aims to provide a solution to solve human psychological problems. Logotherapy is treatment and healing with the help of meaning (Frankel, 2008: 13). Frankel believes in human potential ability to discover meanings. He suggests three ways to reach the meaning in life, which are: enduring pain and suffering, doing valuable work such as serving others, and experiencing values such as love. Meanwhile, Frankel's emphasis on accepting pain and suffering is more than the other two. Since the ultimate goal of all schools of psychology is to lead people's minds and souls to peace and joy and free them from anxiety and distress; The deep scope of art and literature is a platform for polishing the human's soul and has the capacity to fulfill this ideal. The type of human observation towards existence and life in heterogeneous conditions is not the same. Frankel and Nadem both arise from difficult life conditions, so the analysis of Nadem's sonnets from the perspective of Frankl's psychology can reveal the capacities and abilities hidden in human existence in severe conditions. Conclusion Viktor Frankl's logotherapy corresponds to a value system that is accepted by most cultures. Nadem Qaisari also tries to remove the chaos of his time from the soul and mind with the language of poetry and help people to better understand the beauty of life by creating a connection between external and internal experiences. Frankel and Nadem are subjectivists and they believe that the discovery of meaning in life is primarily dependents on the individual and on his will. On the other hand, they choose wider and more reliable supports such as love and religion. Acceptance of suffering and a positive attitude towards it is one of the common points in both of their point of views. They consider suffering as a means of spiritual upliftment of people and emphasize on educational functions of suffering, The difference is that in Nadem's belief, suffering is the product of God's absolute power to remove the impurities of existence. Therefore, suffering is not a hated matter and worthy of escape, but Frankel sees suffering as a means to discover meaning and emphasizes on accepting suffering and finding it's meaning in order to achieve mental health. In a harmonic approach, Frankl and Nadem consider self-transcendence to be the salvation of the gem of human existence from the captivity of the self(soul). Frankl refers to the directed will to others as self-transcendence, and Nadem uses concepts such as contentment, freedom, will directed to the right, freedom from the self, guidance and advising others, which are closely related to Frankl's self-transcendence. According to Frankl, human talents flourish in the glory of love. He considers love to be a kind of illumination and discordant with intellect, and in a more comprehensive glance, Nadem considers love to be the basis of existence and something rare, therefore more diverse functions of love can be found in his sonnets. In a common approach with Frankel, Nadem considers the path of inner illumination and love to be smoother than the path of intellect in reaching meaning. Another point is that Frankel considers man as a spiritual being in need of definition, from this view many conceptual parallels can be found in his opinions and Nadem's sonnets. Both believe that religion is not what the officials preach. They consider religion as the ultimate goal of life; But the amount of emphasis and their methods to reach the meaning are different. In Nadem's opinion, meaning is not a superficial belief but a concept raised in the subconscious of a faithful person, so meaning is connected with faith. He considers the absolute submission to the will of God as a mean to reach meaning and peace in life. In Frankl's thought, meaning is at the self- conscious level and there are no shackles to reach it. 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