علل تلاش برای صادرات چای چین به ایران در دوره رضاشاه و دستاوردهای آن (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
در دوره پهلوی اول انتظار می رفت روابط ایران و چین، پس از چند قرن وقفه نسبی، به دلایلی از سر گرفته شود. بازرگانان و حکومت های دو سرزمین برای احیای مناسبات در این مقطع، بهبود روابط اقتصادی، به ویژه تجارت چای، را محور تلاش های خود قرار دادند. این پژوهش براساس رویکرد توصیفی تحلیلی و مبتنی بر اسناد منتشرنشده وزارت امور خارجه و مرکز اسناد ملی و نیز برخی منابع و تحقیقات در پی پاسخ به این پرسش است که تلاش ها برای احیای روابط اقتصادی ایران و چین در دوره پهلوی اول، خاصه تجارت چای، بر پایه چه عواملی شکل گرفت و چگونه ادامه یافت و چه دستاوردی در پی داشت؟ یافته های تحقیق گویای آن است که تلاش ها و تکاپوها برای برقراری روابط میان دو کشور متأثر از عواملی چون قدرت یابی دو شخصیت نظامی در ایران و چین (رضاشاه و چیانگ کای شک) و نیاز آنها به کسب اعتبار بین المللی و منافع اقتصادی شماری از تجار ایرانی و چینی بود. تلاش برای برقراری روابط دو سرزمین با اقداماتی چون استخدام متخصصان چینی در صنعت چای ایران، تلاش برای رونق مجدد صادرات چای چینی به ایران و مجاب کردن مسئولان دو کشور به تسهیل روابط تجاری به جریان افتاد. اما این تکاپوها به دلایلی چون دوری مسافت دو سرزمین، عدم احساس نیاز مسئولان دو کشور به یکدیگر و نقش قدرت های ثالث اقتصادی، تنها به ایجاد اتاق بازرگانی ایران در شهر شانگهای انجامید.Attempt for exportation of Chinese Tea to Iran during Reza Shah’s Period: Causes, circumstances, Obstacles and Consequences
Following a period of relative hiatus in the relation between Iran and China, efforts were made its revival during the first Pahlavi I era. Merchants and governments of the two countries, in an attempt to resume relations, attempted for an economic trade based on the tea. The main question of this research aims to examine the factors that led to the revival of economic relations between Iran and China during the Pahlavi I era with a focus on the tea trade and its continuation and achievements. This research is made using a descriptive-analytical approach and based on the contents of unpublished documents from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the National Archives, as well as some sources and research. The research findings indicate that the efforts to establish relations between the two countries were influenced by factors such as the rise to power of two military figures in these countries, their need to gain international prestige, and the economic interests of a number of Iranian and Chinese merchants. Efforts to establish bilateral relations, through employing Chinese experts in the Iranian tea industry, attempting to revive the export of Chinese tea to Iran, and persuading the officials of the two countries to work for facilitating trade relations began and continued. However, these efforts, were not very productive due to factors such as the geographical distance between the two countries, Iran’s focus on the bill to strengthen the national tea industry, and its lack of interest in a serious relationship with China, and only resulted in the establishment of the Iran Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai. Introduction Despite the ups and downs between China and Iran in the past centuries, the longevity and importance of these relations should not be overemphasized. Although the Silk Road has become an "explanatory and emotional paradigm" for all aspects of Iran-China relations in recent years, we do not have any specific evidence of the role and influence of historical relations on modern ties. Due to these industrial developments and European media facilities, Chinese intellectuals, Iranian politicians, and dissidents could learn about each other and benefit from this learning for their political and social identity. At the beginning of the 20th century, when direct communication between China and Iran had almost disappeared, new technologies such as railways and steamships changed China's and Iran's physical and economic realities. However, the weak formation of the solidarity discourse among those interested in Iran-China relations in the early 20th century was possible through sharing information about the parties in newspapers and the publication of some news from telegraph networks. Materials and methodsThe main question is whether the economic relations between Iran and China in the first Pahlavi era (1304-1320 AD/ 1925-1941 AD), especially the tea trade, were formed based on what needs and how they continued. This research has been done with the historical method and descriptive-analytical approach based on the information from written sources, especially the documents of the Center for Records and History of Diplomacy and the Organization of Records and the National Library of the Islamic Republic of Iran (SAKMA).Results and discussionThe China-Iran Treaty is part of China and Iran's efforts to "strengthen themselves and their search for independence and integration after the First World War" and oppose extraterritoriality in international affairs. The first diplomatic representative of Iran in the new China was Mirza Hossein Khan Ki-Stevan, who died on May 7, 1934—arrived in Shanghai. Shanghai has long been the home of a small community of Iranian merchants. However, the level of trade between the parties was relatively low and mainly included products such as cotton, wool, dates, cigarettes, etc.At the beginning of coming to power, Reza Shah pursued relations with China for reasons such as the desire to raise Iran's reputation at the international level and protect the interests of Iranian business people. What helped the Shah of Iran was the presence of a small group of Iranian merchants in Shanghai who had been living in this port for a long time. However, the level of trade between the two countries was relatively low.Tea was the most important global trade commodity in the early 20th century. Bushehr Port was the main port of entry for imported goods to Iran by sea. The Chinese government was trying to facilitate the direct trade of tea by concluding a trade agreement with Iran and compensating for China's losses. Here, the inconsistency between the demands and actions of the governments of China and Iran becomes more apparent. While the Chinese government wanted a direct trade agreement with Iran to increase Chinese tea exports, Iranian politicians wanted help from China to promote the tea industry as a nationalistic project.Iranian businessmen living in China or Chinese businessmen made part of the efforts to expand trade and business relations between Iran and China. Iranian officials did not seriously desire to conclude a trade agreement with China. This may be influenced by the previous resolution of the Iranian parliament and the government's policies to strengthen Iran's national tea industry. ConclusionDuring the Safavid era, especially post-Safavid governments, the political, economic, and cultural relations between Iran and China became increasingly weak. This deterioration was affected by factors such as the change in the political geography of Asia, the internal situation of Iran and China, the changes made at the international level, and the extensive role of European powers in Asia. During Reza Shah's era, we see scattered attempts to form relations between Iran and China, focusing on the revival of the tea trade. But these efforts are due to reasons such as the insufficient motivation of the politicians and statesmen of the two countries and their lack of effort to facilitate the connection between the two countries, the long distance between the two countries, the obstacles to direct commercial communication between the two countries, as well as the role of the third political and economic powers and finally the efforts of the Iranian parliament to strengthen the industry. National Tea of Iran did not reach the appropriate results through the approval of approvals. These efforts finally ended with the establishment of Iranian Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai.
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