تبیین ماهیّت و روند شکل گیری مفهوم مشروطیّت در ایران بر اساس نظریه توماس اسپریگنز (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
با گذشت بیش از یک قرن از جنبش مشروطه خواهیِ ایرانیان همچنان مسائلی وجود دارند که مناقشه برانگیز هستند. از مهم ترین آنها ماهیت و چگونگی ظهور «نظریه» مشروطیت در ایران است که بازبینی آن به عنوان یک مسئله مستقل پژوهشی ضرورت دارد. نوشتار حاضر با استفاده از نظریه بحران اسپریگنز که ناظر بر فهم نظریه های سیاسی است، به تبیین این سؤال می پردازد که روند تکوین و ماهیت «نظریه مشروطیت» در ایران دوره قاجاریه چگونه بوده است؟ کاربست نظریه اسپریگنز به منظور فهم ماهیت و تبیین روند تکوین نظریه مشروطیت در ایران است. نتایج این تحقیق براساس روش توصیفی تبیینی نشان می دهند نظریه مشروطیت دفعتاً و در روزهای پایانی جنبش ظهور نکرد، بلکه روندی تاریخی تکاملی داشت. درخصوص ماهیت آن نیز می توان گفت نظریه مشروطیت، «نظریه حکومت قانون» و جنبشی برای «تأسیس آزادی» و رهایی از استبداد بود. روند تکوین این نظریه با بهره گیری از رویکرد نظری اسپریگنز در چهار گامِ شناخت مشکل و مشاهده بی نظمی، علل بی نظمی، نظم و خیال (بازسازی جامعه)، و تجویز تبیین خواهد شد.Explaining the nature and formation process of the concept of constitutionalism in Iran based on the theory of Thomas َA.Spragens
Using Spragens’s crisis theory, which oversees the understanding of political theories, the present article has explained the question of the development process and the nature of “constitutional theory” in Iran during the Qajar era. The purpose of this research is to apply Spragens’s theory to understand the nature and explain the development process of constitutional theory in Iran. The results obtained from this research, based on the descriptive-explanatory method, show that the constitutionalism theory did not emerge in the last days of the movement; Rather, it has had a historical-evolutionary process. Regarding its nature, it can be said that the theory of constitutionalism was “the theory of the rule of law” and a movement to “establish freedom” and get rid of tyranny. The development process of this theory by using the theoretical approach of Spragens in the four steps of the problem and observation of disorder; causes of disorder; order and fantasy (rebuilding society); And the prescription phase will be explained. Introduction In the book “Strive for Freedom”, Alireza Mollaei Tavani, by introducing the principle of freedom as the most important demand of the constitutional movement, spoke about the liberal aspect of the nature of Iran’s constitutionalism. He wrote that the constitutionalists were trying to replace the rule of law with autocracy, and national institutions and to replace democratic institutions with authoritarian institutions (Mollaei Tavani, 2019: 3). In another work, “Controversy over the implication of the constitutional decree”, Mollaei Tavani deals with the issue (Mollaei Tavani, 2015: 191-216). Javad Tabatabaei writes about the nature of Iran’s constitutionalism: “Iran’s constitutionalism was the theory of the rule of law and an effort to establish freedom and establish its institutions” (Tabatabaei, 2006: 534). Based on the search and investigations, despite the existence of works who have paid attention to the nature of Iranian constitutionalism in their investigations; But these works have mainly narrated and analyzed events, activities, struggles and political achievements without using political theory and concepts. The mentioned works have not researched the emergence of the constitutionalism theory (constitutionality as a political philosophy) based on a structural and process-oriented approach. The upcoming work intends to explain its nature and development process in Iran with a different and new perspective. METHODOLOGYTo answer the question of the development process and nature of “constitutional theory” in Qajar period Iran, the data were extracted from first-hand historical sources in a archival method, including historiographical sources, diaries, travelogues, documents, reports, and newspapers, and then analyzed by a descriptive-explanatory method based on the theoretical approach of Thomas A. Spragens. Have become. Spragens theory is responsible for the discovery and recognition of the development stages of political theories and their nature, which has been explained by using this theory and descriptive-explanatory method, the development process, and the nature of “constitutionalism theory” in Qajar period Iran. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONThe first stage: At this stage, attention is paid to the components and examples that indicate problems and irregularities. This stage is responsible for recognizing and understanding the existence of problems and irregularities. The first question to ask is what is the problem? In Iran, the understanding of the existence of the problem came with Iran’s defeat in the war. The problem was the lack of success and failure in the confrontation with the Russians. The problem was the defeat of Iran. Abbas Mirza knew the answer to this question in the traditional construction and texture of Iran’s military and administrative institutions, and for this reason, he began to modernize... the second stage; after understanding the existence of disorder, the etiology of disorder comes. Historically, the diagnosis of the problem in pre-constitutional Iran begins with Abbas Mirza's question to Napoleon's envoy Joubert. The question was “I don’t know what power has dominated you over us? And what is the cause of our weakness and your progress?” (Jobar, 1322: 95). The third stage: By knowing the factor, the cause, and the problematic factors and knowing the causes that disturb the order, the solution is provided. The question raised is: When the society is disorganized, what is the state of the organized society? How is order and imagination, the reconstruction of society? That is, in the third stage, ideal, desirable, and ideal conditions are drawn, that is, in this stage, images are created in the world of the mind and not in the world outside the mind; The reconstructed society of the constitutional era criticized tyranny, limited the king, and brought freedom and law. The reconstructed society of Mozaffari’s Iran was constitutionalism. The fourth stage is the stage of passing from the abstract realm to the objective realm. In the last stage, what is in the mind is presented to the outside world and must be implemented in the community environmentCONCLUSIONS: The findings of the research show that the four stages specified by Spragens for the development of political theories have also happened in Iran for the formation of the thought or the theory of constitutionalism. It can be emphasized that constitutionalism Iranians have had an evolutionary process, starting from the stage of considering the problem and disorder, passed the stage of diagnosing pain and the stage of fantasy and reconstruction, and finally reaching the stage of practical prescription of treatment. The result is that the problems of Iranians were a common problem; therefore, the progressives and Critics were looking for a conventional prescription to cure the pains and backwardness of the country. Constitutionalism in its conventional reading was a prescription for the treatment of progressives and modernists. The conceptualization of constitutionalism in terms of political philosophy had no precedent in the Sunnah system. However, the original thing was that the constitutionalist scholars of Najaf relied on the theory in the era of occultism; the Jur government proved the necessity and preference of constitutionalism and paved the way for the transformation of Sharia law into a legal system and the rule of law.Because at least a quarter of their purchases should be made in cash, while the Dutch East India Company had no problem paying in cash due to the sufficient capital it had and was more organized and rich than the English company. Besides trading with the Safavid court, he also bought and exported silk from the open market. The wars between England and Holland in the second half of the 17th century, which had their roots in trade, affected the competition of these companies in Iran. The effect of this war was that the Dutch East India Company caused damage to the British company's merchant ships and practically stopped their trade in the Persian Gulf for several years. Despite the ban that was established during the reign of Shah Abbas II, the Dutch company continued to issue them. The English company was not very successful in this field due to a lack of liquidity.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this research show that the revocation of the silk export monopoly by Shah Safi, commercial contracts of the Iranian government with companies, cash (liquidity), British and Dutch wars in Europe and the Persian Gulf, the export and import of these companies were the most effective factors in the commercial competition of companies during the periods of Shah Safi and Shah Abbas II. Also, the Dutch East India Company was commercially superior to the English Company due to having more liquidity and higher diplomatic power in negotiations with the Safavid court. In general, the Dutch East India Company, due to its more facilities and more speculative and seductive policies, got along better with the officials of the Safavid trade affairs, and therefore, between the years 1629 and 1666, it took the first place in trade with Iran.
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