تجارت خارجی صفویان و رقابت کمپانی های هند شرقی انگلیس و هلند ( دوره شاه صفی و شاه عباس دوم) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
شماره صفحات:
۲۱ - ۵۰
دریافت مقاله
آرشیو
چکیده
با تبدیل بازرگانی در اقیانوس هند به شاخه ای از تجارت دریایی جهانی، ایران عصر صفوی هم به دلیل نزدیکی به خلیج فارس وارد این عرصه گردید. کمپانی های هند شرقی انگلیس و هلند در نیمه اول قرن هفدهم میلادی با هدف در دست گرفتن تجارت انحصاری شرق متولد و راهی سرزمین های شرقی از جمله ایران شدند. شاه عباس یکم با عقد قرارداد و اعطای امتیازاتی آنان را وارد مدار اقتصادی و تجاری ایران کرد تا از رقابت تجاری آنها برای رونق و شکوفایی اقتصاد کشور استفاده کند. رقابت های این دو کمپانی برای تسلط بر تجارت انحصاری ایران پس از شاه عباس نیز ادامه یافت. مقاله حاضر، با استفاده از روش توصیفی تحلیلی و با استناد به منابع ایرانی و غیرایرانی، در پی روشن ساختن عوامل مؤثر در رقابت کمپانی های هند شرقی انگلیس و هلند در دوره شاه صفی و شاه عباس دوم است. یافته های این پژوهش نشان می دهند لغو انحصار صادرات ابریشم توسط شاه صفی، قراردادهای تجاری دولت ایران با کمپانی ها، پول نقد (نقدینگی)، جنگ های انگلستان و هلند در اروپا و خلیج فارس، و صادرات و واردات این کمپانی ها از عوامل مؤثر در رقابت تجاری کمپانی ها در دوره شاه صفی و شاه عباس دوم بودند. در این رقابت تجاری کمپانی هند شرقی هلند به دلیل دارا بودن نقدینگی بیشتر، قدرت چانه زنی و دیپلماسی بیشتر در در مذاکرات با دربار صفوی و مجهزتر بودن کشتی های تجاری نظامی بر کمپانی انگلیسی برتری داشت.Safavid Foreign Trade and the Commercial Competition of the English and Dutch East India Companies (The periods of Shah Safi and Shah Abbas II)
As trade in the Indian Ocean became a branch of global maritime trade, Safavid Iran entered this arena due to its proximity to the Persian Gulf. The English and Dutch East India Companies were born in the first half of the 17th century to take over the exclusive trade of the East and went to the eastern lands, including Iran. Shah Abbas I entered them into Iran’s economic and commercial circuit by signing a contract and granting privileges to use the commercial competition between them for the prosperity and prosperity of the country’s economy. The competition of these two companies to take over Iran’s exclusive trade continued after Shah Abbas. The present article seeks to clarify the effective factors in the competition between British and Dutch East India companies in the Shah Safi and Shah Abbas II periods by using a descriptive-analytical method and using to Iranian and non-Iranian sources. The findings of this research show that the annulment of the silk export monopoly by Shah Safi, commercial contracts of the Iranian government with companies, cash (liquidity), British and Dutch wars in Europe and the Persian Gulf, The export and import of these companies were effective factors in the commercial competition of companies during the period of Shah Safi and Shah Abbas II. Also, the Dutch East India Company was commercially superior to the English Company due to having more liquidity, higher diplomatic power in negotiations with the Safavid court, and better-equipped equipped commercial-military ships.
Introduction
While in recent years, there has been a growing trend of examining World War II and investigating its causes, backgrounds, and outcomes, many documents and records related to Iran are still preserved in archival centers in the form of data, which can provide a clear narrative of Iran’s situation during and after the war. The present research aims to investigate the conditions of Iran in this period through the lens of the postal and telegraph situation, relying on the available documents in Iranian archival sources. This article seeks to answer the following questions: What were the effects of the Tripartite Agreement imposed on Iran, as a result of the occupation during World War II on the state of Iran's postal and telegraph services? What was the significance of interference in postal and telegraph services for the Allied governments? How did the Iranian government react to foreign interference? This research endeavors to provide clear answers to these questions by using documents and analyzing historical data.
INTRODUCTION
So far, no independent and comprehensive research has been done on this issue. Despite this, some Iranian and non-Iranian researchers have dealt with the general aspects of the commercial competition between British and Dutch East India companies, most of them have described the relations between Iran and the companies in the given period and the influential factors in this commercial competition. Between 1629 and 1666, the companies in Iran did not analyze the issue from this point of view. As an example, Aqeil in the International Competition in the Persian Gulf 1622-1763, has only briefly mentioned the commercial competition between companies during the period of Shah Safi and Shah Abbas II. Matthee, in “the Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 1600-1730”, has provided valuable information about the competition of these companies, and his information is based on archival documents of the British and Dutch East India Companies, but he has not covered all the factors influencing this competition. Steensgaard in Carrac Carvans and Companies: the structural crisis in Europe, mostly deals with the export and import of companies, and Floor in The Dutch and the Persian silk trade, deals with the competition of this company only by relying on silk trade.
METHODOLOGY: The historical nature of this research requires that the work method be based on the descriptive-analytical method. In this method, the researcher first deals with the scientific description of an event and then explains their cause, interpretation, and explanation, that is, he answers both the whys and the how. Therefore, this research, firstly, deals with the commercial competition between the East India companies of England and the Netherlands in the period of 1629-1666, and then the effective factors in this competition are mentioned analyzed, and explained. The method of collecting information is archival and documentary and data collection is mainly done through books, databases, electronic libraries, and Internet and university sites. Since books and libraries, documents and correspondence, and other tools of the present research due to the nature of the subject were available, it was able to fulfill the purpose of the research.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION: Several factors played a role in the commercial competition of companies in Iran during the period of Shah Safi and Shah Abbas II. Abolition of the silk export monopoly by Shah Safi, although at the beginning it was the desire of the companies, especially the Dutch East India Company, to close heavy duties on the purchase of silk from the open market, the companies bought silk from the king in the same traditional way. In this regard, they had to make a contract with the Safavid court. Among the three types of contracts of the Safavids with companies, the contract that dealt with the court and based on which it had terms and conditions regarding the sale of Iranian silk in exchange for goods or a part that was traded in cash, was more important. In this context, the Dutch East India Company, due to its higher diplomatic power and greater bargaining power, made more favorable contracts with Iran than its rival, the British East India Company, and limited the activities of the English company to a large extent. One of the other problems of the English company that they could not overcome during this period was the lack of liquidity. In addition to the fact that they could not buy silk from the open market due to lack of cash, they also had problems in trading with the Safavid court.
Because at least a quarter of their purchases should be made in cash, while the Dutch East India Company had no problem paying in cash due to the sufficient capital it had and was more organized and rich than the English company. Besides trading with the Safavid court, he also bought and exported silk from the open market. The wars between England and Holland in the second half of the 17th century, which had their roots in trade, affected the competition of these companies in Iran. The effect of this war was that the Dutch East India Company caused damage to the British company's merchant ships and practically stopped their trade in the Persian Gulf for several years. Despite the ban that was established during the reign of Shah Abbas II, the Dutch company continued to issue them. The English company was not very successful in this field due to a lack of liquidity.
CONCLUSIONS: The results of this research show that the revocation of the silk export monopoly by Shah Safi, commercial contracts of the Iranian government with companies, cash (liquidity), British and Dutch wars in Europe and the Persian Gulf, the export and import of these companies were the most effective factors in the commercial competition of companies during the periods of Shah Safi and Shah Abbas II. Also, the Dutch East India Company was commercially superior to the English Company due to having more liquidity and higher diplomatic power in negotiations with the Safavid court. In general, the Dutch East India Company, due to its more facilities and more speculative and seductive policies, got along better with the officials of the Safavid trade affairs, and therefore, between the years 1629 and 1666, it took the first place in trade with Iran.
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