تجزیه و تحلیل کورگان ها و گورهای کلان سنگی مکشوف از محوطه های باستانی قفقاز جنوبی و شمال غرب ایران در عصر مفرغ
آرشیو
چکیده
کورگان ها یا گورهای کلان سنگی، ازجمله گورهایی هستند که در عصر مفرغ و آهن در محدوده جغرافیایی وسیعی، یعنی شرق اروپا، آسیای میانه، آناتولی و شمال غرب ایران گسترش پیدا می کند. وسعت کورگان ها و اشیائی که از این گورها به دست آمده، نشان دهنده میزان جایگاه اجتماعی شخص متوفی بوده است. تدفین حیوانات نیز سنتی است که در این دوره در مناطقی چون: قفقاز، شرق آناتولی و شمال غرب ایران، افزایش چشمگیری پیدا می کند. هدف از این پژوهش، توضیح و تبیین کورگان ها، گورهای کلان سنگی و سنت قربانی حیوانات برای طبقات اجتماعی خاص در عصر مفرغ است؛ ازجمله پرسش های این پژوهش این است که، آیا در عصر مفرغ روابط تجاری بین منطقه قفقاز جنوبی و شمال غرب ایران وجود داشته است؟ و چرا گورهای کلان سنگی این دوره، در اندازه و تعداد اشیائی که از داخل گورها به دست آمده ، با یک دیگر متفاوت هستند؟ فرضیه پژوهشی حاضر در پاسخ به این پرسش است که با توجه به کشف سرپیکان های ساخته شده از ابسیدین و سفال های نوع ارومیه که از محوطه های عصر مفرغ شمال غرب ایران به دست آمده، می توان گفت در عصر مفرغ بین منطقه قفقاز جنوبی و شمال غرب ایران، روابط نزدیکی برقرار بوده است؛ هم چنین بزرگ بودن اندازه کورگان ها و اشیائی که از داخل این گورها به دست آمده، نشان دهنده جایگاه اجتماعی شخص متوفی بوده است؛ بدین معنی که افراد عادی دارای گورهای سنگ چین ساده و گورهای صندوقی بودند و قبور آن ها فاقد هدایای تدفینی بوده است، ولی افراد سطح بالای جامعه دارای گورهای بسیار وسیع بوده و در کنار صاحب گور، تعداد زیادی هدایای تدفینی به دست آمده است. در این پژوهش با استفاده از مشاهدات عینی و مطالعات کتابخانه ای، به بررسی کورگان های مکشوف از منطقه قفقاز جنوبی و شمال غرب ایران در عصر مفرغ، پرداخته شده است. نتایج نشان می دهند که کورگان های مکشوف از قفقاز جنوبی قدیمی تر از کورگان های به دست آمده از شمال غرب ایران هستند و در عصر مفرغ متأخر ارتباط فرهنگی و تجاری بین این دو منطقه وجود داشته است. بیشترین گورهای کلان سنگی عصر مفرغ متأخر فلات ایران، مربوط به منطقه اصلاندوز و پارس آباد در اردبیل و منطقه اهر و خداآفرین در آذربایجان شرقی است، که اکثر آن ها دارای شکلی مدور هستند و از درون بیشتر این گورها اجساد حیواناتی چون گاو، اسب و سگ به همراه هدایای تدفینی به دست آمده است.Analysis of Kurgans and Megalith Tombs Discovered from the Ancient Sites of the South Caucasus and Northwestern Iran in the Bronze Age
The Kurgan and the megalith tombs were common graves in the Bronze and Iron Ages. The vast geographical area is central Europe, central Asia, Anatolia, and Northwest Iran. The size of Kurgans and the objects discovered from these graves represented the deceased’s social status. Animal burial was also common in the late second millennium BC in the Caucasus, Eastern Anatolia, and Northwest Iran. This study explains the Kurgans, megalith tombs, and the traditional victim animals for particular social classes in the Bronze Age. One of the questions in this research is about trade relations between the South Caucasus and Northwest Iran in the Bronze Age. And why the Kurgans of this period in size and number of objects discovered inside graves differ. In answer to these questions, the represented research hypothesis found the Obsidian bows and Urmia ware of the Bronze Age in northwestern Iran. In this period, close relations existed between the South Caucasus and the Northwest of Iran. Also, the large size of the Kurgans and the objects discovered inside these graves represented the deceased’s social status. Ordinary people had a simple coffin grave, and their graves had no funeral gifts. But the high-ranking people in this community have huge graves and, along with the owner, discovered a lot of funeral gifts. The Kurgans of the South Caucasus and Northwest of Iran were studied using observation and library surveys. The results show that the Kurgans discovered in the South Caucasus are older than those in the Northwest of Iran, and in the Late Bronze Age, there was a cultural and commercial connection between the two regions. In the Late Bronze Age, most Kurgans were discovered in the Aslandooz and Pars Abad in Ardabil, Ahar, and Khodaafarin in Eastern Azerbaijan. Most of them had a circular shape, and many of these graves found animals deceased, such as cows, horses, and dogs, with funeral gifts.
Keywords: Bronze Age, Kurgan, Megalith Tombs, South Caucasus.
Introduction
According to archaeological findings in the Bronze Age, due to migrations and close relations, various developments happened between the Caucasus and northwestern Iran, especially in the burial tradition in the Bronze Age sites of Northwestern Iran. The Kurgans were formed from the late Chalcolithic Age to the Iron Age in a wide geographical area, including the Southern Caucasus, Eastern Anatolia, and Northwestern Iran. However, most Kurgans are chronologically related to the Bronze Age and Iron Ages. These tombs were by people who lived in semi-permanent settlements in the geographical area of steppe plains, extensive pastures, grasslands, and forests.
Animal burials are the essential issues in these Kurgans. According to studies on Kurgans from the Southern Caucasus and Northwestern Iran, animal burials, including horses, cows, and dogs, have been found in most large-sized Kurgans (Rudenko, 1953: 53-60). The graves in which animal burials show that the owner of these graves had a high social position.
The lack of knowledge in this study is limited to the Kurgans of the Bronze Age in northwestern Iran. For this reason, one of the innovations in this study is a careful study of Bronze Age Kurgans in Northwestern Iran, especially the late Bronze. This research investigates the Kurgans discovered in the South Caucasus and Northwest Iran during the Bronze Age using objective observation and library studies. Most of the research done in the late Bronze Age Kurgans of Iran is based on field surveys and documenting and collecting the necessary information.
The Kurgans of the Southern Caucasus region
The oldest Kurgans are in Asia Minor, the Balkan, and the Caucasus. These Kurgans are related to the fourth and third millennium BC. The oldest Kurgan belongs to the fourth millennium BC in the Caucasus region. The Scythians learned this burial method from the native inhabitant, and in combination with their belief, they gave it a shape that is today known as Tomolus (Firouzmandi, 2015: 157). There are two types of tombs: simple tombs that belonged to ordinary people and luxurious tombs that belonged to princes and kings. These Kurgans contained wooden structures and, with great skill, were made, which included pottery, war tools, and ornaments (Gershevitch, 1993: 189). Several Kurgans belong to the Kura-Aras culture in the Shanghvit area and other parts of Armenia in the Southern Caucasus. These Kurgans belong to the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Bronze Age. These Kurgans are very large and similar to those found in Armenia and Georgia. Objects such as pottery, gold, and other things have been found inside these Kurgans.
The Kurgans of Northwestern Iran
Khorramabad cemetery in Ardabil is one of the ancient sites of Northwestern Iran. Kurgans and large stone tombs have been discovered at this site. This cemetery belongs to the Late Bronze and Iron Ages. In another of these graves, which is unique, the remains of 34 horses have been found. The main Kurgan has found various types of Gold, Bronze, Iron, Stone, Glass objects, and pottery.
The Zardkhaneh site of Ahar, which belonged to the Late Bronze Age, is one of the essential sites in Northwestern Iran. From this site, there are 95 Kurgans and large stone graves. These graves are like the Kurgans and large stone graves of Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Turkey. These tombs have many grey and brown potteries with bronze and stone objects.
Division of Kurgans and large stone tombs in Northwestern Iran
Simple Chinese stone tombs: These graves are constructed of large stone and are covered with soil about half a meter from the surrounding lands. The direction of the graves was east to West (author).
Box tombs: These tombs consist of large stones. These types of graves are recognizable as mounds of soil. A raised stone with carved motifs was placed vertically on top of the tombs (author).
Kurgans: Kurgans in archaeology are called cone-shaped tombs. These tombs are known as plains steppe pyramids. There are several Kurgans in the Aslamdooz of Pars Abad. These tombs are about 10 to 14 meters in diameter and 5/3 to 4 meters high (author).
Discussion
The burial traditions of the people in the Bronze Age show a general understanding of their beliefs at that time. Based on excavations in the northwest of Iran, various burial methods have been identified, and each of these patterns followed the people’s worldview. Megalithic stones and Kurgans appeared for the first time in the South Caucasus region. They later became popular in this region as a cultural connection with neighboring areas in the Northwest of Iran. Kurgans had a rectangular room consisting of the main chamber of the Kurgans, and around it, they lay stones in a circle. The shape of the circle was a sacred symbol in the past. For this reason, since prehistoric times, the circle motif has been used on pottery, metal objects, architectural structures, and in constructing Kurgans and megalithic tombs in the Bronze Age.
Conclusion
Based on the study, most Kurgans have been discovered from outside the current borders of Iran related to the Early and Middle Bronze Age and are larger than the Kurgans found in Iran. While most of the Kurgans and large stone tombs belong to the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, most are in Eastern Azerbaijan and Ardabil in Northwestern Iran. Kurgans and large stone tombs in this area and the shape and burial objects inside these tombs are similar to the large stone tombs found in the Southern Caucasus, especially in Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan. Additional evidence related to the stelae or raised stone tombs was found on the Ardabil plain in the Late Bronze Age. There are carved animal motifs on these stones. These raised stones belonged to Bronze Age sites in Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. Inside tombs of the Zardkhaneh site in Ahar are Urmia potteries, and samples of these potteries have been discovered in Kura-Aras cultures in Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan. Another Bronze Age site in Northwestern Iran with shiny grey pottery is the Buini Yughun site in the Nir area, similar to the Urmia potteries. In the Southern Caucasus, Anatolia, and Northwestern Iran, the Bronze Age was characterized by mass metal production, trade with the neighboring area, economic growth, construction of military buildings, and large stone tombs. The discovery of valuable objects in this period shows these societies’ high economic and social levels in the Bronze Age. One of the essential pieces of evidence is the discovery of the arrowhead of the Obsidian in the Zardkhaneh site of Ahar. The discovery of the Urmia potteries and Obsidian in the Bronze Age shows trade relations between Northwestern Iran and the Southern Caucasus in the Late Bronze Age.
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