اضطراب کرونا؛ نقش معنای زندگی و جهت گیری مذهبی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
با شیوع ویروس کرونا افراد، سطح زیادی از اضطراب را تجربه کردند و روانشناسان به این مسئله توجه ویژه داشته اند. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی نقش پیش بینی کننده معنای زندگی و جهت گیری مذهبی بر اضطراب کرونا به انجام رسید. روش پژوهش ازنظر هدف، کاربردی و ازنظر ماهیت، توصیفی - همبستگی بود. جامعه آماری شامل دانشجویان زن و مرد ۲۰ تا ۴۰ ساله ساکن شهر تهران بود که به شیوه دردسترس انتخاب شدند. برای جمع آوری اطلاعات از پرسشنامه اضطراب کرونا، پرسشنامه معنای زندگی و پرسشنامه جهت گیری مذهبی استفاده شد. برای تحلیل استنباطی و بررسی مفروضه های تحلیل از معادلات رگرسیون خطی چندگانه استفاده شد. نتایج به دست آمده از تحلیل رگرسیون نشان دادند مؤلفه های معنای زندگی شامل حضور معنا و جست وجوی معنا روی هم رفته 14% اضطراب کرونا و مؤلفه های مذهبی گرایی، سازمان نایافتگی مذهبی، ارزنده سازی مذهبی و کام جویی نیز روی هم رفته، 13% اضطراب کرونا را پیش بینی می کنند. با الهام از یافته ها می توان با طراحی مداخلات مبتنی بر مذهب و معنویت در راستای ارتقای سلامت روان مردم و بیماران، گامی اساسی برداشت.Corona Anxiety: The Role of Life Meaning and Religious Orientation
The corona virus prevalence caused people to experience high levels of anxiety. This study was conducted to investigate the predicting role of meaning of life and religious orientation for Corona anxiety. The study method was descriptive-correlative. The statistical population consisted of students between the ages of 20 and 40 living in Tehran and the sample was selected by available method. The researchers used The Corona Anxiety Questionnaire, The Steger Life Meaning Questionnaire and Religious Orientation Questionnaire to collect the data. Simultaneous regression equations were used for data analysis. The results showed that the components of the meaning of life, including the presence of meaning and the search for meaning together predicted 14% of Corona anxiety variance. Also, the components of religiosity included religious disorganization, religious valuing and seeking pleasure together predicted 13% of Corona anxiety variance. Based on the findings, it is possible to take a fundamental step towards improving the mental health of people and patients by designing interventions based on religion and spirituality. Introduction * On January 30, 2019, the emergence of the coronavirus not only led to a high rate of death due to subsequent infection, but also caused a psychological disaster in all parts of the world (World Health Organization, 2020). According to the previous studies on meaning in life, it can be claimed that the meaning in life can reduce anxiety (Azarakhsh et al., 2020; Azimi et al., 2019; Kazeminejad et al., 2011; Mozaffari et al., 2017). Religious beliefs help people to deal with psychological pressure (Harris et al., 1999; Rafiei, 2011). Many studies have shown that involvement in religious activities and spirituality ensures better recovery from illness, longer life span, coping skills, quality of life, reduced anxiety and depression (Bussing et al., 2005). The aim of the present study was to investigate the predictive role of the meaning in life and religious orientation in relation to Corona anxiety. The research hypotheses were as follow: The meaning in life is a predictor of coronavirus anxiety. Different dimensions of religious orientation are predictors of coronavirus anxiety. Method This study was an applied study in terms of its aim and descriptive-correlation design. The study population included 20 to 40 years old men and women in living in Tehran. Majority of the participants belonged to the 35-40 age group (35%). Considering the fact that the sample size of the present study could not be calculated correctly, the theory of Tabachnick and Fidell (2007) was used in the regression equations. Data collection instruments included coronavirus anxiety scale (CAS), meaning in life questionnaire (MLQ) and religious orientation scale (ROS). Due to the corona pandemic, the sampling was performed in WhatsApp, Baleh and Ita platforms. Inclusion criteria were being in 20 to 40 years old age group and living in Tehran. The participants answered the questions using the questionnaire link on the Porsline website after completing questions on their demographic characteristics. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS 22. To adhere to ethical considerations, the research participants were informed about the different aspects of the research at baseline. They were also assured that their personal information would remain confidential. Correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analysis (Enter method) were used to test research hypotheses. Results A total of 300 people including 243 women (81%) and 57 men (19%) participated in the present study. The mean age and age range of the participants was 33.33 and 20-40 years, respectively. A total of 77% of participants were married, 19.7% were single, and 3.3% were divorced. Pearson's correlation test was used to test hypotheses 1 and 2. The first hypothesis stated that there was a negative relationship between having meaning in life and coronavirus anxiety and the second hypothesis of the research stated that there was a negative relationship between different dimensions of religious orientation with coronavirus anxiety. The first and second hypotheses were confirmed. First hypothesis: Having meaning in life has a negative relationship with coronavirus anxiety. Second hypothesis: There is a negative relationship between different dimensions of religious orientation with coronavirus anxiety. The results showed a significant negative relationship between the meaning in life and coronavirus anxiety (r=-0.35, p<0.01). There was also a significant negative relationship between the total score of religious orientation and coronavirus anxiety (r=-0.38, p<0.05). Therefore, the correlations between subscales of the meaning in life, including the presence of meaning and the search for meaning, with the total score of coronavirus anxiety were -0.31 and -0.35, respectively (p<0.01). The correlations between religiosity, disorganization, valorization and pleasure seeking with coronavirus anxiety were -0.32, 0.29, -0.28, and 0.32, respectively. Considering that disorganization and pleasure seeking are negative subscales related to religious orientation, there was a significant positive relationship between them with coronavirus anxiety. In order to predict coronavirus anxiety based on the components of meaning in life and religious orientation, simultaneous multiple linear regression analysis was used. Assumptions of regression analysis were checked and confirmed before implementation. After investigating the significance of the relationship between the variables using Pearson's correlation index, in order to perform the regression analysis, its other assumptions were also investigated and confirmed. In order to examine the normality of the distribution of univariate data, skewness and kurtosis of each variable was investigated. The results showed that skewness and kurtosis values of all variables were in the range of +2 and -2. Moreover, in order to check the normality of the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test was used, and K-S value was not below 0.05 for any of the variables. In order to examine the homogeneity of the variances, the scatterplot of the standard error of the variance was assessed, and the assumption of the normality of the regression residuals was confirmed accordingly. Also, to investigate the co-linearity between the independent variables, the variance inflation factor (VIF) and the tolerance index were used. Considering that the VIF value was less than 10 and the tolerance index was more than 0.1, there was no problem for collinearity between independent variables. Therefore, regression should be used. The results of the simultaneous multiple regression analysis showed that the meaning in life and religious orientation play a significant role in predicting coronavirus anxiety. The presence of meaning and the search for meaning explain 11% and 16% of the variance of coronavirus anxiety, respectively. Also, religiosity and religious valorization explain 7% and 17% of the variance of coronavirus anxiety, respectively. The two sub-scales of disorganization and pleasure seeking had 10% and 9% negative power to explain the coronavirus anxiety. The search for meaning and religious valorization explained the major part of variance of coronavirus anxiety. Table 1 . Multiple Regression of Coronavirus Anxiety Based on Variables of Meaning in Life and Religious Orientation and Their Variables Predictive variables Non-standard coefficient Beta Standard coefficient Beta t R2 ΔR2 Power Sig Constant 14.037 ------ 11.15 --- ---- --- 0.0005 ** The presence of meaning 0.346 0.370 4.971 0.11 0.106 24.706 0.001 ** The search for meaning 0.427 0.240 4.963 0.16 0.121 17.033 0.017 * Religiosity 0.376 0.240 2.295 0.07 0.089 18.036 0.002 ** Religious disorganization 0.242 0.450 4.993 0.10 0.104 24.928 0.001 ** Religious valorization 0.273 0.420 4.834 0.17 0.119 23.365 0.005 ** Pleasure seeking 0.331 0.270 3.136 0.09 0.086 14.562 0.004 ** Criterion variable: Coronavirus anxiety ** p<0/01 , * p<0/05 Conclusion The aim of the present study was to investigate the predictive role of religious orientation and meaning in life on coronavirus anxiety. The results showed a significant negative relationship between meaning in life and religious orientation with coronavirus anxiety and their variables. The meaning of life subscales and the religious orientation predicted the corona anxiety. Therefore, the higher the score of the meaning in life and religious orientation were related to the lower the level of coronavirus anxiety. The results of this study are in line with the results of Birshak et al. (2002), Amini and Malekshahi (2001), Galehdar and Saki (2002), Pargament et al. (1990), Ghobari Bonab and Haddadi (2010) who reported a significant negative relationship between religious orientation and anxiety. Also, coping methods are cognitive and behavioral abilities that are very effective in controlling psychological pressure (Pargament & Mahoney, 2003, 2005). Performing religious rituals and reciting the Qur'an, which is only a part of remembering God, reduces anxiety and brings peace to the human heart (Amini & Malekshahi, 2001; Geleh Dar & Sacki, 2002). Regarding the explanation of the relationship between the search for meaning and anxiety, the results of the present study are in agreement with those of Steger et al.'s (2009) study. Overall, there was a significant relationship between behaviors related to spirituality, religion and mental health (Khalili et al., 2010) and prayer had an inverse relationship with anxiety (Akbari, 2009). Limitations of the current research included the online data collection due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Also, one of the suggestions of the present study is to re-test the hypotheses in non-virtual conditions and with the presentation of pencil and paper questionnaires, as well as the use of equal samples of men and women. Also, considering gender as a moderating variable in this study can determine interesting results about the level of the search for meaning and religiosity of women and men and its effect on the mental health state. Ethical Consideration Compliance with Ethical Guidelines: In this study, the ethical principles were considered. The researchers explained the overall study aims to every participant and after that they filled out the questionnaire by their satisfaction. The study method was correlational one and was not the experimental type so it did not have special ethical guidelines. Authors’ Contributions: This research has been extracted from the results of first author master's thesis, which was carried out by First and third authors were the main contributors in writing this article. Second author as the supervisor, was in charge of guiding the research and closely supervised this work throughout the research. Conflict of Interest: The authors do not have any conflict of interest. Funding: This study did not have any specific financial support. Acknowledgment: The authors thank all participants in the study. *. Corresponding author
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