بررسی معنایی فعلهای وجهی گیلکی (گونۀ سیاهکلی) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
پژوهش حاضر به بررسی معنایی فعل های وجهی گیلکی گونه سیاهکلی اختصاص دارد. روش این پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی است. تحلیل معنایی این پژوهش در چارچوب پالمر (1997) و بررسی نگاشت معنایی آن براساس چارچوب ناوز (2008) است. در این پژوهش، شش فعل وجهی گیلکی بررسی شده اند. براساس این پژوهش، به لحاظ معنایی فعل وجهی va «باید» دارای خوانش هر سه وجهیت معرفتی، تکلیفی و پویاست و vast «بایست» و vasti «بایستی» و صورت حال فعلtonəstan «توانستن» برای بیان وجهیت تکلیفی و پویا به کار می روند. فعل وجهی šay «می توان، می شود» برای بیان وجهیت معرفتی و پویا و šast «می شد» و صورت گذشتهtonəstan «توانستن» و هر دو صورت حال و گذشته xastən «خواستن» و rəse:n «رسیدن» برای بیان وجهیت پویا کاربرد دارند. فعل وجهی bo:n «می شود» برای بیان وجهیت معرفتی و تکلیفی و bəbu «شد» برای بیان وجهیت تکلیفی به کار می روند. va «باید» و صورت های گذشته آن بیانگر درجه ضرورت اند و دیگر فعل های وجهی بر درجه امکان دلالت دارند. برای تکمیل مبحث معنایی، نگاشت معنایی فعل های وجهی بر روی فضای مفهومی وجهیت نشان داده شده است. بر این اساس مشخص شد فعل وجهی va «باید» بر روی محور عمودی فضای مفهومی نشان دهنده وجه ضرورت و بر روی محور افقی این فضا دارای تنوع معناست. همچنین مشخص شد دیگر فعل های وجهی گیلکی بر روی محور عمودی امکان قرار داشته و نشان دهنده چندمعنایی یا تفاوت معنایی هستند.Semantic Study of Modal Verbs in Gilaki (of Siahkali)
The present paper is an attempt to study the semantic side of modal verbs in Siahkali variety of Gilaki. This research has been conducted via descriptive-analytical method in Palmer (1997) and Nauze (2008) frameworks. Based upon this research, the modal verb “ va ” features all three epistemic, deontic, and dynamic modes in terms of semantics while “ vast ” and “ vasti ” and the present tense of modal verb “ tonəstan ” are used to express deontic and dynamic modes. The modal verb “ šay ” is used to express the epistemic and dynamic aspect while “ šast ”, the past tense “ tonəstan ” and both the present and past forms of the verb “ xastən ” and “ rəse:n ” are used to express the dynamic aspect in Gilaki. The modal verb “ bo:n ” expresses the epistemic and deontic modality while “ bəbu ” indicates the deontic modality. “ va ” and its past tenses show the degree of necessity and other modal verbs infer the degree of possibility. The semantic mapping of modal verbs is shown on the conceptual context of modality. So, the same universal saying that the modality elements are different only on one of the axes is also true in Gilaki.
1. Introduction
Modality generally expresses the speaker's view of the proposition contained in the sentence. Semantically, modality is divided into two types in a general category, which are the epistemic and root modes. The epistemic mode involves the speaker's assessment of the probability or predictability of the action. It also includes the necessity or possibility of a proposition based on the judgment, evidence, or knowledge of the speaker. Switzer (1982) argues that concepts that imply necessity, probability, or possibility are considered epistemic. The root mode is used to express concepts such as coercion, permission, and ability, and consists of two deontic and dynamic subgroups. In deontic modality, external circumstances and power often require the actor or third person to perform an action or allow him/her to do something. In dynamic modality, the internal force or current conditions provide the necessity or possibility for the action to take place.
2. Theoretical Framework
Palmer (1997) introduced three types of epistemic, deontic, and dynamic modalities, and two main degrees or levels of modality as possibility and necessity; the epistemic modality is the simplest of all in his view. This type of modality is a judgment that is made about the realization of a situation or event. He considers this modality as discourse-oriented and believes that it includes both the speaker and the audience. Palmer states that by using this modality, the speaker is actually allowing, forcing, promising, and threatening. The dynamic modality is related to the ability and desire of the subject and has two subsets of neutral and subject-oriented. Neutral usage indicates the possibility of an event. Another type of dynamic possibility indicates the ability of the subject to perform the action. Dynamic possibility can also be used to express an implicit meaning to make suggestion for istance. In this paper, the semantic mapping of modal verbs of Gilaki is presented upon Nauze framework (2008). Nauze shows the conceptual space of modality, which includes all the modal elements in world languages, in one form, with vertical and horizontal axes. The vertical axis indicates the dimension of possibility or necessity of the modal verb, and based on the horizontal axes, it is determined whether the verb has semantic diversity in terms of meaning or not.
3. Methodolgy
This research is a qualitative research and has been carried out via descriptive-analytical methods. The semantic part of this research is based on Palmer (1997) and its semantic mapping is based on the Nauze (2008) framework.
The Gilaki data of this research, consisted of 42 sentences, has been collected from the everyday speech of the speakers. In addition, some syntactic behaviors of modal verbs and related topics such as grammatical tense, complement of modal verbs, position of modal verbs in a sentence, negation and their use as lexical verbs have been studied.
4. Results & Discussion
In Gilaki, to express the form of coercion or obligation, the prepositional verb va "should" is used for the present and future grammatical tenses, and vast and vasti "must" for the past grammatical tense. The modal verb va features all three epistemic, deontic, and dynamic modes. The complement of this verb in personal constructions is a temporal verb that appears in the sentence in the form of present or past participles and is conjugated in terms of person and number in accordance with the subject of the sentence. The unmarked position “ va ” and its past two forms precede its complement. The modal verb of šay "can, become" refers to the present and future grammatical tenses and šast "become" to the past grammatical tense. “ šay ” is used to express the epistemic and dynamic modes and “ šast ” is used to express the dynamic mode in Gilaki. Since “ šay ” and “ šast ” in Gilaki are used only in impersonal constructions and the subject or actor is not present in these sentences, the complement of these two modal verbs is used only as an infinitive after them.
The modal verb bo:n "become" refers to the present grammatical tense and bəbu "became" refers to the past grammatical tense. “ bo:n ” is used to express the epistemic and deontic modes and “ bəbu ” is used to express the deontic mode. The complement of these two modal verbs is the temporal verb (present or past participles) which is used according to the subject of the sentence. The unmarked position of these two verbs is at the beginning of the sentence.
The three modal verbs tonəstən "to be able", xastən "to want" and rəse:n "to arrive" in Gilaki have common syntactic features. The present tense of the modal verb tonəstan "to be able" has a reading of the deontic and dynamic modes, and its past tense has a dynamic mode. Both the present and past tenses of the modal verbs xastən "want" and rəse:n "to arrive" have dynamic modes. The complement of these verbs is conjugated in the form of a tense verb, which is always present participle, in accordance with the subject of the sentence. Examining the semantic mapping of Gilaki's modal verbs showed that among the Gilaki's modal verbs, va "should", along with its two past forms, indicates the necessity aspect on the vertical axis and has a variety of meanings on the horizontal axis; while, other Gilaki's modal verbs are placed on the vertical axis of possibility aspect and indicate polysemy or semantic differences.
5. Conclusions & Suggestions
The modal verb “ va ” has all three epistemic, deontic and dynamic modes, and “ vast ” and “ vasti ” are used to express the deontic and dynamic modes. The modal verb “ šay ” is used to express the epistemic and dynamic modes and “ šast ” is used to express the dynamic mode in Gilaki. The verb “ bo:n ” is used to express the epistemic and deontic modes and “ bəbu ” is used to express the deontic mode. The present tense of the modal verb “ tonəstan ” has deontic and dynamic modes and its past tense has a dynamic mode. Both the present and past tenses of the modal verbs “ xastən ” and “ rəse:n ” have dynamic mode. Also, except for “ va ” and its past forms, which indicate the degree of necessity, the other modal verbs of Siahkali indicate the degree of possibility.
Studying the semantic mapping of Gilaki's modal verbs showed that what has been generally said about the fact that the modal elements are different on one of the axes of the conceptual space and not on both axes is also true about this dialect. “ va ” and its past forms on the vertical axis show the necessity and have various meanings only on the horizontal axis. Other verbs are placed on the vertical axis of possibility and have polysemy or semantic differences on this axis.
Select Bibliography
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Lyons, J. 1977. Semantics . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Nauze, F.D. 2008. Modality in Typological Perspective. Institute for Logic, Language and Computation: Enschede.
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Palmer, F. R. 1997. Modality and the English Modals . NewYork: Routledge.
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