Russian Revolution

This research conducts a comparative study of the nature of violence in three significant contemporary revolutions: the 1789 French Revolution, the 1917 Russian Revolution, and the 1979 Iranian Revolution. These revolutions are recognized as pivotal moments in the political and social history of each country as well as in global history. The aim of this research is to analyze the causes and consequences of violence in these three historical events. The study employs a qualitative method and a descriptive-analytical approach, identifying patterns of violence and the social, economic, and political contexts through an in-depth examination of each revolution. The findings reveal that in the French Revolution, violence was utilized as an effective tool for achieving social and political change, with the synergy among social classes contributing to its intensification. In the Russian Revolution, specific historical conditions, particularly the aftermath of World War I and widespread poverty, led to increased violence and the outbreak of civil war. In contrast, the Iranian Revolution demonstrates a different approach, where protesters sought to achieve social change through non-violent strategies. Ultimately, this research highlights that social, economic, and political factors, especially feelings of deprivation and the ability to mobilize resources, have direct impacts on the nature of violence and revolutionary outcomes, and can contribute to a better understanding of contemporary social transformations.

The purpose of this article is to introduce and examine revisionism in the great revolutions of the world. Based on this, with the method of comparative study and in the framework of Gidden's "Structuration" theory, we investigate the interaction of "agency" and "structure" which causes the formation of revisionism in these revolutions. The study of these revolutions shows that the current of revisionism is formed and strengthened when, first, the agency of the people decreases and the agency of those in power increases; Secondly, equality as a construction should be weakened and the construction of power-seeking should be emphasized. In the French Revolution, power-hungry politicians were active, and aristocracy as a common construct led to revisionism. In the Russian Revolution, when monopolism prevailed as the pattern of social communication, a new class took power and a revision of revolutionary ideals and methods took place. The Chinese revolution underwent revisionism when technocrats became agents and developmentism as construction prevailed. The article suggests that in order to reduce the scope of revisionism in revolutionary systems, it is necessary to maintain and strengthen the presence and influence of people in the political scene. In addition, various tools should be used to weaken the structure and pattern of power-seeking among revolutionary politicians.