Kirkpatrick model

 Urban agriculture promotes sustainable development and fosters societal participation, including the rehabilitation of various groups, such as inmates. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the effectiveness of prison-farm rehabilitation programs in Dizel Abad Prison in Iran. The research population consisted of two groups: one with 130 inmates, of whom 97 were selected and studied through systematic sampling via Cochran's formula, and the second group included 14 managers, offenders, and prison experts interviewed through a census. The data collection instrument was a researcher-developed questionnaire based on the Kirkpatrick evaluation model. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, while its face and content validity were validated by a panel of experts. The findings at the first level of evaluation (i.e., reaction) showed that, with a confidence interval of 99%, the inmates were satisfied with participating in the urban agriculture training course. At the second level (i.e. learning), results indicated a significant increase in the inmates’ knowledge, with a statistically significant difference between their pre- and post-test scores (p<0.01). At the third level (i.e., behavior), the findings suggested that urban agriculture in prisons could lead to significant behavioral changes in inmates, with 95% confidence. At the fourth level of evaluation (i.e., results), the findings showed that although the urban agriculture training course in Dizel Abad Prison caused moderate changes in the inmates, the difference in pre-and-post-test scores was not statistically significant. Overall, the findings demonstrated that the urban agriculture training course in Dizel Abad Prison could bring about changes in inmates’ behavior, knowledge, and attitude. These findings support the potential of prison-farm programs within urban agriculture initiatives as viable methods for rehabilitation. 

The present research was conducted with the aim of measuring the effectiveness of face to face and virtual in-service training of elementary school teachers in Birjand city based on the Kirkpatrick model and comparing them. The current research method is a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test type. The statistical population of this research includes all primary school teachers of Birjand city who have participated in in-service and virtual courses in the academic year 2023-2024. Using available sampling, 45 teachers participating in face-to-face courses and 45 teachers participating in virtual courses were selected. In the first level, i.e. reaction, participants' opinions were collected in two stages (the beginning of the courses and the end of the courses). The tool used at this level was a researcher-made questionnaire. The second level, i.e. learning, was conducted using a researcher-made test of 19 questions and was performed as a pre-test and post-test. In the third level, i.e. behavior, data was collected 5 months after the end of the courses using the teachers' self-evaluation form and the teachers' evaluation form by their managers. The results of the inter-subject effects test to compare the reaction level components in the post-test stage and the f value obtained for all components are significant at the alpha level of 0.05. The F value obtained in the results of covariance analysis for comparing learning scores in the post-test stage is 26.563. The value of the t statistic and the value of the significance level for comparing the scores of the behavior level show that there is no difference in the variance between the two groups of face-to-face and virtual education The findings of the research show that face-to-face and virtual in-service courses are effective in the levels of reaction, learning and behavior, and there is a significant difference between the effectiveness of face-to-face and virtual courses; So that the obtained averages show that face-to-face training can have a significant effect compared to virtual training in these three levels.