Naturalism

The present article seeks to read Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Sadeq Chubak’s Puppetry (Kheymeh-Shab-Bazi in Persian) in order to demonstrate their similar treatment of both ‘the natural’ and the fate of human beings when positioned in contrast with the natural. Hardy and Chubak, despite belonging to distinctive contexts, were both under the influence of the premises of Naturalism. The present paper aims to explore these two works of fiction in order to compare the way both authors employed the Naturalist literary trend in their style of writing, characterization, and perspective. Both authors employed an objective viewpoint, pretty similar to how scientists approach their object of study; they kept their distance from their narrations, with no particular effort to interfere in or to comment on the occurrences of such narrations. This research focuses on how, through utilizing Naturalistic principles, they endeavored to expose the quivering position of human beings when exposed to the powerful impacts of the natural. The study focuses on their similar approaches towards apparently dissimilar issues which, despite the considerable discrepancy concerning the socio-cultural contexts of their works, lurked below the surface of the fiction they produced.  

Working children, like any other child, must learn skills that are necessary for childhood in order to communicate with society and develop their personalities and emotions. Children who work typically cannot learn these skills because of their living circumstances. The current study aimed to provide a suitable environment and context for the improvement of children's social relations in educational and care centers by providing workable solutions that are appropriate to the morals and social needs of working children to improve their social ability and skills. This is because one of the most influential factors in learning and improving children's skills is providing an environment in harmony with the needs of children in line with that skill. This was applied descriptive-analytical research in terms of method and qualitative and was performed using direct and non-interventional field observation coding. According to the results, factors such as playability of the environment, a sense of security, environmental attraction, event-ability, proper furniture, curiosity about space, connection to nature, breadth of vision and scenery, permeability, climatic comfort, a sense of belonging and space flexibility affected the improvement of working children’s social skills. Meanwhile, the playability of the environment and connection to nature play the most important role in the formation of social behaviors and the improvement of social skills in working children.

This paper undertakes a comprehensive examination of Hume's Guillotine, a perennial problem in moral philosophy first identified by David Hume. The central objective of this inquiry is to explore potential solutions to this conundrum, grounded in a naturalistic framework. The paper is divided into four sections. The paper provides an overview of general naturalistic claims in ethics, establishing the foundational context for the subsequent discussion, delves into the 'is-ought' problem, a fundamental challenge in moral philosophy, and examines Hume's perspective on this issue & presents a critical analysis of various naturalistic approaches to addressing the 'is-ought' problem, with a focus on their strengths and limitations. The paper concludes with a synthesis of the key findings, offering a philosophical reflection on the implications of naturalistic solutions to Hume's Guillotine with special reference to John Searle