polyphony

Polyphony is a term applied by Bakhtin to describe the features of Dostoevsky's Poetics. According to Bakhtin, polyphony is based on dialogism and to respect to the others 'opinion. In this case, polyphony is an achievement that releases human thought of dogmatism. Molavi, prior to Bakhtin, emphasized on otherness and avoidance of dogmatism and selfdom. Polyphony is a twentieth century idiom and he did not theorize it, the principles of polyphony as a universal message for human society can be seen in Molavi's thought and works. This article examines Molavi̓ s polyphonic view and tries to show it in Molavi's works especially in Mathnavis. The conclusion shows that there are the elements and roots of polyphonic thinking in Molavi̕ s work; Molavi presents polyphony through the elements such as: coexistence of binary oppositions, relativism, to respect to the other`s ideas.

This article aims to analyze Patrick McCabe’s The Butcher Boy (1993) in light of Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of dialogism. The present study explores the significance of dialogism in the given novel which tells the story of a marginalized young boy living in neo-colonized Ireland in the 1960s. Bakhtin believes that the development of signification between the “self” and the “other” is called dialogue through which human beings define their existence as individuals in polyphonic societies. The protagonist of The Butcher Boy is a non-conformist, unwilling to follow social rules. He creates his very own way of dialogism with his surroundings and ends up in a mental hospital and finally a prison, showing the author’s approval of Bakhtin’s viewpoint towards the importance of dialogue in shaping human beings’ consciousness and existence in the world. Moreover, this article attempts to clarify the resistance of the main character before his society’s hierarchical structure that makes him a perfect example of a marginalized hero disobeying rules and regulations imposed by the authorities to gain an independent resolution.