polyphony

Polyphony is a term applied by Bakhtin to describe the features of Dostoevsky's Poetics. According to Bakhtin, polyphony is based on dialogism and to respect to the others 'opinion. In this case, polyphony is an achievement that releases human thought of dogmatism. Molavi, prior to Bakhtin, emphasized on otherness and avoidance of dogmatism and selfdom. Polyphony is a twentieth century idiom and he did not theorize it, the principles of polyphony as a universal message for human society can be seen in Molavi's thought and works. This article examines Molavi̓ s polyphonic view and tries to show it in Molavi's works especially in Mathnavis. The conclusion shows that there are the elements and roots of polyphonic thinking in Molavi̕ s work; Molavi presents polyphony through the elements such as: coexistence of binary oppositions, relativism, to respect to the other`s ideas.

This article aims to analyze Patrick McCabe’s The Butcher Boy (1993) in light of Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of dialogism. The present study explores the significance of dialogism in the given novel which tells the story of a marginalized young boy living in neo-colonized Ireland in the 1960s. Bakhtin believes that the development of signification between the “self” and the “other” is called dialogue through which human beings define their existence as individuals in polyphonic societies. The protagonist of The Butcher Boy is a non-conformist, unwilling to follow social rules. He creates his very own way of dialogism with his surroundings and ends up in a mental hospital and finally a prison, showing the author’s approval of Bakhtin’s viewpoint towards the importance of dialogue in shaping human beings’ consciousness and existence in the world. Moreover, this article attempts to clarify the resistance of the main character before his society’s hierarchical structure that makes him a perfect example of a marginalized hero disobeying rules and regulations imposed by the authorities to gain an independent resolution.

This article focuses on Iranian war narratives and the technique of ‘writing back to history’ in Hasanzadeh's This Weblog will be Transferred .(2015) Deploying the neo-left technique of revision and Flanagan’s notion of ‘technorealism’, the writer has tried to discuss how young adult literature can reevaluate the dominant representation of the recorded history. It is argued that the production of a counter-narrative and the illustration of history from a marginalized silenced perspective of the young adult reader have enabled Hasanzadeh to reveal hidden narratives and to re-assess the dominant discourse. As one of few young adult narratives that address the subject of the Iran-Iraq War and the depth of national agony, Hasanzadeh's work distinguishes itself through its use of cyberspace in the representation of war. His work, by incarnating an online platform such as weblogs, inspires a sense of collectivity that most war narratives strive for. This sense is inspired through many intertexts woven into the fabric of the narrative. Along completing and expanding the scope of the main narrative, these intertexts incorporate an intimate tone and elicit empathy and identification from the young adult reader. Furthermore, they create a kind of multi-perspectivism that not only challenges the monolithic narrative of the war in Iran but also corrects and shapes the public's perception of the impacts of war on a nation. The result is an alternative vision of the past that fights the misuse of national memory and the creation of a better sense of the inherited world for young adult reader.