intra-organizational factors

Working capital should be available to any company to have the sufficient funds to cover short-term commitments and operating costs in the future. This guarantees the continuity of the company’s activities. Given the significance of the role of working capital management (WCM) in the companies, the study analyzed the content of texts and studies done in this field, presented three main hypotheses and examined the effect of most of the variables affecting WCM (both external and internal factors of the company), as well as the consequences of WCM in 161 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) during a seven-year period from 2011 to 2017. The purpose of the study was to determine the most important factor affecting WCM and its consequences. The hypotheses were tested using multivariate regression and Granger causality test. The hypothesis testing indicated that extra-organizational factors such as gross domestic product (GDP), inflation rate and exchange rate have the greatest effect on WCM. Moreover, hypothesis testing indicated that some intra-organizational factors, such as current ratio, capital expenditures, financial leverage, return on assets, operating cycle, operating profit return, institutional shareholders ownership-percentage, and independence of board of directors affect WCM. Finally, hypothesis testing showed that optimal capital management improves the firms’ performance.

Purpose: This research was conducted with the aim of explaining the effect of organizational and intra- organizational factors affecting the faculty members' organizational silence in branches of Islamic Azad University. Methodology: The statistical population of this study was all faculty members of Islamic Azad University. The sample of this study was 380 ones according to the Cochran formula. After completing 380 questionnaires, analyzing the questionnaires was done using SPSS-23 software at the descriptive level of demographic characteristics including mean and standard deviation, minimum and maximum score of research variables and at inferential level using AMOS-23 software, multivariate analysis of variance and side findings by single-t and t-dependent tests. Findings: analysis of the results using SPSS-23 and AMOS-23 software showed that all factors of the organization had coefficients or impact factors higher than 0.3 at the level 0.001, and six dimensions related to the organizational factor and eight dimensions related to the intra-organizational factor, all affect the faculty members' organizational silence. Among the organizational dimensions, the human resources management and among the intra-organizational dimensions, the type of community culture had the highest impact on the organizational silence in Islamic Azad University. Two models with good fitting were presented for the organizational and intra-organizational factors. Discussion: All dimensions of human resource management, the characteristics of faculty members, the organization's characteristics, the organization culture, organizational climate, and organizational structure are effective in the organization factor. Human resource management has the most impact on silence and the organization type has the least impact on the silence