Petrochemical Industry

The present study models the risk of investment in the petrochemical industry considering the impacts of exchange rate (US dollar to Iran's Rial) movements using the time series data from November 2008 to March 2019 and ARFIMA-FIGARCH framework. The empirical results prove the existence of the Fractal Market Hypothesis, FMH, and the Long Memory property in both the risk and return of the petrochemical stock index. These findings can be culminated in reaching a reliable and significant model to evaluate the investment risk in the petrochemical industry. In line with this, to analyze the idea whether considering the exchange rate movements matter for assessing the risk management in the petrochemical industry, the effects of exchange rate movements as a crucial source of systematic risk in Iran has been taken into consideration in the process of modelling the risk of investment in that industry. Our results demonstrate that the exchange rate movements have had a direct and significant effect on the investment risk of that industry so that if, on average, one percent change occurs in the exchange rate, the investment risk in this industry changes by 57% in the same direction.

< p>The present study models the risk of investment in the petrochemical industry considering the impacts of exchange rate (US dollar to Iran''''s Rial) movements using the time series data from November 2008 to March 2019 and ARFIMA-FIGARCH framework. The empirical results prove the existence of the Fractal Market Hypothesis, FMH, and the Long Memory property in both the risk and return of the petrochemical stock index. These findings can be culminated in reaching a reliable and significant model to evaluate the investment risk in the petrochemical industry. In line with this, to analyze the idea whether considering the exchange rate movements matter for assessing the risk management in the petrochemical industry, the effects of exchange rate movements as a crucial source of systematic risk in Iran has been taken into consideration in the process of modelling the risk of investment in that industry. Our results demonstrate that the exchange rate movements have had a direct and significant effect on the investment risk of that industry so that if, on average, one percent change occurs in the exchange rate, the investment risk in this industry changes by 57% in the same direction.

Though it is generally accepted that information asymmetry has an impact on capital structure policy, the nature of the information asymmetry is not well understood. Recent theoretical works and empirical evidences suggest that financing choice depends upon the information asymmetry about investment risk of the particular use of funds (Halov & Heider, 2012) (Rao, Mohanty, & Baxamusa, 2015). Consistent with this view, we analyzed the data gathered among 199 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2009-2016 by The Multiple Linear Regressions in order to test research’s hypotheses have been applied. We also examined the influence of Petrochemical industry on that relationship. The findings show that equity is used to fund projects with greater information asymmetry about their risk such as intangible assets and capital expenditure, while debt is used to fund investments with lower information asymmetry about their risk such as liquidity enhancement. We also found that the membership in petrochemical industry has no effect on the intangible assets and cash holding’s financing method, but concerning with capital expenditure and working capital the impact is significantly negative.

As a significant consequence of internal and external characteristics in auditors, independence plays a vital role in promoting professional judgment in auditing. This dimension of individual audit functions has always been considered one of the areas studied in this profession due to its integration with the perceptual and often intangible features of auditors’ behavior. Therefore, this study, understanding the importance of independence functions in the auditing profession, seeks to identify the characteristics of inertia as a stimulus for independence in auditing in the petrochemical industry to act on its interpretive ranking. This research is a mixed method due to the nature of data collection. It first uses interviews to identify the characteristics of inertia in the auditing profession and then employs the checklists of the pair scale to determine the interpretive ranking. Accordingly, the grounded theory and the quantitative part are used in the qualitative part, and Delphi analysis and the interpretive ranking process are used. The statistical population in the qualitative section were 12 auditing professionals who, in terms of theoretical knowledge, had the necessary capabilities to develop the concept studied in this study. They were selected through theoretical sampling based on the snowball technique. The statistical population in the quantitative part were 19 auditors with work experience in the petrochemical industry and a level of technical and specialized knowledge; they were selected using homogeneous sampling. The research results in the qualitative part indicate the existence of 3 categories, 8 components, and 35 concept codes that have laid the inertial features in the auditing profession in the form of an 8-dimensional integrated model. On the other hand, the results in the quantitative part show that the percentage of influence of the locus of control feature is higher than other inertial features in the audit profession in the petrochemical industry, implying that the auditor’s encirclement on individual control in success and failure can avoid a set of external factors such as chance and lead fate in audit functions. In other words, an auditor with the characteristics of an internal locus of control tries to use his/her ability to express independent behavior in professional comments and judgments, regardless of external reasons

As one of the mother industries, the petrochemical industry is one of the essential pillars of development and the driving engine of various sectors of the country’s economy. This industry will achieve several important goals, such as increasing export income, expanding downstream sectors, creating jobs, and increasing GDP. This importance has been emphasized in the country’s upstream documents, such as the general policies of the resistance economy, focusing on developing petroleum refineries to prevent the vulnerability of oil and gas revenues by extending the value chain and increasing the export of these products. The current work aims to investigate the value chain of the petrochemical industry with the new approach of petrochemical refineries, as well as the pathology and evaluation of the current state of the chains mentioned above in the country with the descriptive research method and the library method using policy research. The research results show that the chain of petrochemical products with the approach of creating petrochemical refineries has relatively high advantages compared to focusing on chains with the traditional method.

One of the most important factors that investors pay attention to in stock markets is stock price fluctuations, which is the basis for evaluating the performance of company managers. The performance of the company's stock includes the yield from the resources under the company's control and is considered a suitable criterion for reaching the set goals. In the meantime, one of the things that influenced widely on the world financial markets is the outbreak of the 2019 Covid-19 epidemic. The Covid-19 pandemic is known as a black swan event since it was a rare, unexpected, unknown phenomenon with a high and universal impact. Therefore, the current research purpose is to investigate the fluctuations in the stock prices of petrochemical industry companies affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. For this purpose, 19 petrochemical companies of Tehran stock exchange were studied between 2017 to 2022. The data gathered daily and included 19 petrochemical companies in 220 working days for 5 years. The results showed that the shock caused by the growth of the corona virus initially caused a decrease in price volatility in petrochemical companies, but after two periods, the reaction of price volatility to the shock was positive. Finally, the shock effect disappeared after seven cycles.