Imam Ali (AS)

Abstract: Iraqi Shiites make up near 60 percent of the population live in the southern half of the country. However, they have been rarely in the circles of power throughout history and often under colonial domination of minorities that reached its peak during the rule of the Ba'ath Party. Thus, the Shiites were considered as an opposition through the history of Iraq, particularly after the World War I and the entry of Britain, although the intensity of the struggle varied according to different conditions. As noted, the Shiites who were in a weak position throughout the Iraq's history were able to gain significant influence on the structure of the Iraqi government and build a Shiite government due to changes in their country after 2003. The Shiites pursue their goals as Islamist parties and groups, and although they differ in many details of their goals, they are united in their general identity, Islam, and establishment of a Muslim community, and seek, in the light of reli-gious doctrines, giving meaning to future policies of their country. This research aims to investigate the Iraqi Shiites’ historical status from the era of Imam Ali (AS) until the fall of Saddam.

Every society has a kind of system of government that in order to manage and policy, it is necessary to solve the problems of society according to a set of principles and laws and guide the living standards of the people towards the enjoyment of welfare and prosperity. Accordingly and considering the importance of this issue, in this study, which was done by qualitative method and using library studies and field research, three important points were considered in this qualitative and comparative study: First, the need to establish an Islamic state and the need to maintain Islamic power to achieve Islamic goals, perceptions and principles. The second is the duty of the people, such as the one who controls the government and the scholars, who must preserve the legislation of Islam and implement the Islamic laws and the third is the way to establish the Islamic state and religious legislation.

Abstract Introduction The dispersion of opinions on the issue of reciting the Basmalah aloud or in silence has become one of the areas of divergence of Islamic schools of thought, and the main reason for this dispute doubts the revelatory nature of the Basmalah and its being a part of every chapter of the Qur'an. According to some definitive narratives that agree with rational axioms, the Basmalah is an essential part of the Qur’anic chapters. The Sirah of the Prophet (PBUH) and his companions, especially Imam Ali (AS) was based on reciting the Basmalah out loud, and any doubt about this issue paves the way for distortion of the Qur’an. However, in some Sunni sources, there is a hadith that contradicts what was mentioned above, as it indicates that Imam Ali (AS) recited the Basmalah in silence. Research Question(s) Literature Review The background of this research can be divided into two general and specific parts. Generally, it can be done through the books of hadith and interpretation in which narrations and discussions about the Basmalah were mentioned specifically, the following research can be mentioned: “The Possibility of the Basmala being a Verse from the Shia and Sunni Perspectives” by Zahra Askarzadeh. “A Translation and Criticism of the Entry “Basmalah” in the Encyclopedia of the Holy Qur’an” by Bibi Sadat Behabadi and Hujjatullah Javani. “Study and Analysis of Sheikh Baha’i’s Narrations and Criticisms in the Interpretation of ‘Urwah al-Wuthqā in the Unity of the Surahs and Partial-Nature of Basmalah” by Muhammad Ali Tajari and Muhammad Taghaddomi Saberi. “Examination of the Opinions of Jurists, Commentators and Traditions of Ahl al-Bayt (AS) Regarding the Verse Bismillah al-Raḥmān al-Raḥīm” by Muhammad Qorbani Moghaddam. “The Ontology of the Basmalah as an Introduction to Creating an Ontology of the Teachings of the Qur’an” by Hossein Hosseinzadeh. “Investigation of the Partial-Nature of the Basmalah to Surahs of the Qur’an” by Muhammad Qorbani Moghaddam. “The Verse of Basmalah, its Continuation and Revelation” by Hojjatullah ʻĀshūrī. “Partial-Nature of the Basmalah and it’s Aloud Recitation” by Jafar Sobhani. As it was mentioned, the basic problem in suggesting the partial or non-partial nature of the Basmalah, and thus the belief in its aloud or silent recitation, goes back to the conflicting narrations mentioned in this regard, and the problem remains until these narrations are scrutinized in terms of the chain of transmission and the text, and the research in this regard is only a repetition of the previous researches. The difference between this article and the other researches is that it examines the narration related to the silent recitation of the Basmalah narrated from Imam Ali (AS), in terms of the chain of transmission (Sanad) and the text, which has not been written in this regard until now. Methodology This article aims to critically re-read the non-existence of Basmalah in the Qur’anic surahs using a descriptive-analytical method, based on the analysis of the chain of transmission and the text of the relevant narration.    Results The results of the research show that the aforementioned narration contains some serious problems. A: There is a major problem regarding its chain of transmission; because among the transmitters there are narrators who have been severely criticized by Sunni scholars. B: Some of the narrators are attributed to the Shias, and this contains a contradiction; because what they say completely contradicts the teachings of the Imams (AS) and his habit of reciting the Basmalah aloud. C: Analysis of historical reports indicates that the claim of dropping the Basmalah from prayer occurred under a calculated process initiated and supported by the Umayyad regime and with the policy of erasing Alawite monuments. Therefore, the possibility of falsification in these narrations becomes stronger. Conclusion According to the findings of this research, the aforementioned hadiths contain some serious problems. First: It has major problems in terms of the chain of transmission; because among the transmitters there are narrators who have been severely criticized by Sunni scholars. Second: Some of the narrators were attributed to Shias, and this contradicts the authentic hadiths that state that the Shia Imams (AS) considered the Basmalah to be part of the surahs of the Qur’an and therefore they used to recite it out loud. Finally, historical reports indicate that the idea of dropping the Basmalah emerged during a calculated process initiated and supported by the Umayyad regime. Therefore, there is a high possibility of Waḍʻ and Tadlīs (fabrication) in these narrations

War and peace are key issues in international politics, drawing a variety of perspectives from scholars. It seems that in all schools of thought, peace is favored over war, and pacifism is widely accepted as a reasonable principle. Islam, being the final and complete divine religion, places particular emphasis on peace, considering it a core principle, a viewpoint that is also strongly reflected in the actions and teachings of the Imams (peace be upon them). Nahj al-Balagha, a collection of sermons, letters, and maxims attributed to Imam Ali (as), emphasizes the importance of peace. This study seeks to reconstruct the principles of pacifism through a descriptive and analytical examination of Imam Ali’s (as) discourses. The findings indicate that peace and reconciliation, which are often considered synonymous, are, in fact, distinct concepts. A close examination of Imam Ali’s (as) teachings reveals principles such as guidance, restraint, and prevention of war escalation, vigilance before and after peace agreements, delay of war to convince public to embrace peace and abandon conflict and finally, adherence to peace agreements constitute the framework of pacifism in his teachings.