مطالب

Language assessment literacy has been addressed in a wealth of research. However, many studies have attempted to measure teachers’ assessment literacy, there is still a gap that prompted us to investigate the area from the EFL teachers' assessment literacy needs perspective. To accomplish the purpose, in line with the changes in classroom assessment over the past decades, this study was an attempt to develop and validate an inventory on Teachers Assessment Literacy Needs (TALNs). As the first stage, a set of items was generated through an extensive review of the relevant studies. In the quantitative phase, the developed inventory was administered to 159 English as a foreign language teachers selected through convenience sampling. An inventory construction and validation framework consisting of exploratory analyses was used to examine the construct validity of the proposed inventory. The results indicated that the inventory can be best explained by four components which are knowledge of language assessment literacy, consequences of language assessment literacy, processes of language assessment literacy and teachers’ expectations of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) programs. The TALNs inventory developed in this study aimed to help practitioners and researchers to investigate teachers’ needs in assessment literacy. Fulcher’s (2012) assessment literacy framework was drawn on as the analytic model guiding the study.

Objective: Spiritual therapy is recognized as an effective treatment for most psychological problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group spiritual therapy on resilience and coping styles of families of addicts who are quitting drugs. Method: The reasech method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test and a control group design. The statistical population included all families of addicts who were quitting in a camp in Shahrekord city for a period of 3 months in 2020. The statistical sample consisted of 30 families of these addicts who were selected through the purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The instruments used in this study were the Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Moss and Billings Coping Styles Questionnaire. Spiritual group therapy was held in 11 sessions of 90 minutes for a month and a half for the experimental group. The collected data were analyzed by covariance analysis using SPSS-21 software. Results: The results showed that group spiritual therapy increased resilience (p≤0.001) and using problem-focused coping style (p≤0.001), and decreased using emotion-focused coping style (p≤0.001) in the family of addicts quitting drugs in the experimental group. Conclusion: The results indicated that spiritual group therapy can explain the high rate of change related to resilience and coping styles of families of addicts seeking treatment.

his study sets out to examine a comparison of the effectiveness of couple therapy, based on schema therapy and affective reconstruction therapy on marital relationship quality of infertile couples. This quasi-experimental study was conducted based on a pre-test, post-test, control group design with follow-up. The statistical population of this study included all infertile couples referred to the Royan Institute for Biotechnology in Tehran in 2018-2019. The sample consisted of 30 couples who were selected via a purposeful sampling method and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (n=5 couples in each group). Subsequently, the first experimental group underwent schema therapy(Young, & Brown, 2005) for 12 sessions, the second experimental group received affective reconstruction therapy (Snyder, & Mitchell, 2008) during 15 sixty-minute sessions(twice a week), while the control group was placed on the waiting list and received their psychological treatment process differently from the two approaches studied in this study. The Marital Relationship Quality was conducted on three groups in all phases of pre-testing and post-testing and follow-up. A multivariate covariance analysis and a one-way covariance analysis were conducted using SPSS24 software. As evidenced by the obtained results, schema therapy and affective reconstruction therapy had a significant effect on the marital relationship quality of infertile couples (P<0.05). According to the obtained results, it seems that the use of both schema therapy and affective reconstruction therapy to improve marital relationship quality of infertile couples is effective and it is recommended to be used as a therapeutic approach.

The purpose of this study is to explore whether training psychological capital is effective on mental health and subjective well-being in adolescence. A quasi-experimental design was used with pre-test and post-test data evaluations, comparing an experimental group with a control group. In this study, the statistical population included adolescent girls with problematic mental health (age 13–15) referred to an Arian psychological clinic from April to June 2021 in Borujerd, Iran. The study included twenty-three adolescents selected through a purposive sampling method and randomly divided into two groups, experimental (n=12) and control (n=11). To collect data, mental health and subjective well-being questionnaires were administered. For the experimental group, Psychological capital intervention was administered in ten sessions of 90 minutes every two weeks while the control group received no treatment. MANOVA in SPSS software version 23 was used for data analysis. Results suggest that the Psychological Capital intervention had positive effects on mental health (P <0.001, F = 18.88) and subjective well-being (P<0.001, F= 16.36) in adolescent girls with problematic mental health. This study reveals that PsyCap intervention is effective at improving mental health and subjective well-being. This study provides encouraging new evidence for the efficacy of psychological capital (PsyCap).

The present paper is a comprehensive empirical program of a group of faculty members in University of Sistan and Baluchestan on decreased fraud solutions for e-tests. The group views and experiences were reviewed and shared on a dedicated online platform. In early 2020, shortly after the epidemic of Covid-19 and almost simultaneously with the opening of universities, this platform was established to share the experiences related to applying e-learning methods for courses that were mainly in person so far. This is a qualitative interpretative phenomenology study. Materials, views, measures, and recommendations of a group of faculty members for decreased cheating in online tests were classified under some headings. In addition to the literature review, the most effective solutions to increase awareness and enhance students’ continence and honesty against the tendency to cheat and practical suggestions to reduce students’ fraud in online tests were provided. Research samples included faculty members of basic sciences, education and psychology, and engineering. Hence, however, some proposed strategies and approaches are widely used in a particular educational field and may be less practical in some other specialized areas.

This study determined the Biology teachers’ access to the use of virtual laboratory in Secondary schools in Minna, Niger State. The study adopted descriptive research of the survey type. The population for the study consisted all secondary school Biology teachers in Minna, Niger State. 300 Biology teachers were purposively selected based on the available Biology teachers in Zone B senatorial district in Niger State. The instrument for data collection was an adapted questionnaire. Descriptive and Inferential statistics were used to answer the research question and test the stated hypotheses with the aid of stastistical product and service solution (SPSS) version 20.0 at 0.05 level of significant . The findings indicated 60.1 % of the biology teachers had access to virtual Laboratory and there is no significant difference in teachers’ access to virtual laboratory for teaching biology based on gender and school type. The study concluded that activities that would require the use of ICT-based resources in secondary school should be given to both male and female since the findings of this study revealed that there was no significant difference between male and female teachers. The study recommends that since ICT resources relies heavily on power supply, provision of solar power supply would facilitate constant supply of electricity for maximum utilization of ICT based resources and facilities for teaching Biology.

E-Learning is an important tool in higher education in the digital age and has led to the creation of a learning environment on based learner, flexibility in learning methods and the introduction of changes in teaching and learning process in higher education system. This changes led to challenges such as increasing or decreasing academic performance. Thus the purpose this research was the analysis of relationship between quality of e-learning system and student’s academic performance. The type of research was descriptive-correlative and the statistical population included students at University of Kashan (N=6473), through Cochran's formula and stratified random sampling 236 ones were selected as a sample. In order to collect data’s, used from the e-learning system quality questionnaire consisting of 47 answers closed items. To determine academic performance, the average of four semesters leading to the corona pandemic period was used. The reliability of the questionnaire was estimated 0.91 through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data’s analysis was performed at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistic. Findings showed that the mean of all components of e-learning system except evaluation quality (2.90±0.95) is higher than the cut-off point 3. The mean of the students’ academic performance (16.45±1.58) is higher than the average 10. Pearson correlation coefficient showed there is positive & significant relation between quality of e-learning system and students’ academic performance. In addition, regression coefficients showed that among the components, only the component of class holding quality (Beta=0.23 & P= 0.015) can predict students' academic performance.

The purpose of this research is to explain the conceptual model of sexual education in virtual space based on philosophy curriculum for children. The method of this research to achieve the first goal is "content analysis" and to achieve the second goal is "deductive method of the type of practical analogy". The analytical community included all the documents, sources and databases related to the research topic, which were identified and then studied and analyzed in a targeted and deep way. The findings indicate that some of the most important factors affecting sex education in the virtual space based on philosophy for children are related to four cognitive, physical, social and emotional dimensions including: Meaning and acquisition of knowledge, reflection; practice in acquiring skills through practical training and collaborative activity, conscious behavior in the face of actions and natural changes of the body, situational awareness and commitment; use of individual and interpersonal skills in information exchange, society and democratic citizen. chastity and piety, the integrity of thoughts and actions) in the virtual space, which is a framework for the model of sex education in the virtual space based on philosophy for children, which can be achieved in the form of the goals of principles and educational methods. This model related to its final and intermediate goals is based on 5 principles: (cyber sexual intelligence, cyber sexual knowledge, understanding of technological sexual relations and sexual restraint, sexual responsibility and sexual ethics in cyberspace based on philosophy for children). The method of this model is the virtual community of inquiry.

This study was conducted with the aim of environmental and behavioral pathology of religious education of children. The research method was descriptive and content analysis. Studies show that the foundation of religious education of children is closed in the family and children are the expression of parents' beliefs and behaviors and they are silent but effective teachers of children; Also, school and friends, as formal and informal spaces that complement their personality, are parallel to the phenomenon of cyberspace, environments whose characteristics have a significant impact on their inclination or non-inclination to religious issues; In the behavioral dimension, the findings indicate that harms such as: upbringing, humiliating behaviors, unjustified harshness and discrimination, etc. are among the incorrect methods that can be inflicted on children by those around them. Suggestions: Promoting media literacy of families, raising children's values, creating a bridge between family and school, paying serious attention to attracting committed people and taking care of the expansion without supervision of non-profit schools.

Traditionally, Sufis, jurists, philosophers, and theologians, are known as different schools of Islamic thought, each of which has its own approach to Islamic education. However, from the 19th century onwards, another powerful approach emerged: political Islam, which also had a different conception of Islamic education. The present study tries to explain how the political conception of Islamic education was formulated in this approach. To achieve this goal, al-Afghani's ideas have been examined. Al-Afghani was one of the first Islamic theologians who formulated modern political Islam and called for accepting modern values because of their consonance with Islamic values. This article, interprets Al-Afghānī’s political theology as an emancipatory proclamation that aimed at the liberation of Muslims. His emancipatory attitude concentrated on the cultural reform; and the education of the nation was the core of this cultural reform. He believed that a general education system must be established that all people enjoy from childhood; and the core of the curriculum of this education should be based on political education with the theme of the greatness of the nation.

Since old times the two dimensionalities of human beings, i.e., their having a material body and an immaterial soul (spirit), has been a controversial problem. In the Abrahamic religions, the human soul is considered to be immaterial and in interaction with the body. Furthermore, it is considered to be a special effusion of God to each individual human being. During the modern times, with the dominance of empiricism, the prevalent view considers human soul a byproduct of matter. In fact, from the naturalistic viewpoint of modern science, there is no place for mind or consciousness as a novel and immaterial subject, but there are some important ideas about this subject, and some eminent scientists of our time believe that the human soul is immaterial and is never explainable by science. Among the latter group, there are some celebrated scientists who believe that human soul is God’s special effusion to human beings. In this article, we mention and analyze some of these important ideas.

In the Blue Book (pp. 17-18) and in the Philosophical Investigation (§§ 66-67), Wittgenstein offers the idea of ‘family resemblances’ to explain the relation between some ‘things’. This paper first explores two accounts of this idea, one by Renford Bambrough and the other by Ilham Dilman. This reveals that there are at least two different accounts of ‘family resemblances’. Secondly, the paper sets out a critical assessment of both accounts so as to suggest that they both fail at what they claim to do.