مطالب

According to the purpose of the research, this article analyzes educational systems based on open education: challenges and opportunities in the field of learning. This method of teaching and learning is one of the new educational methods used in open university. Due to the use of electronic tools, higher education is moving away from its traditional form and moving towards distance learning and education. This research was descriptive and qualitative method was used to collect information. In this research, the researcher introduces educational systems based on open education, and the search and collection of information was done by studying documents, libraries, and searching for various written and digital sources. It was analyzed by software. The obtained results show that this education started under the name of correspondence education in the first decade of 1700 AD and has passed through five generations until today. In addition to its advantages, open education has many challenges. These challenges were summarized in eight and 80 features. Undoubtedly, in order to achieve an open and favorable higher education system, one should try to examine the challenges in this field and then by removing the limitations and turning them into opportunities, he took a big step in the direction of the higher development of open education.

While various aspects of Group Dynamic Assessment (GDA) have been explored in previous studies, cumulative GDA in distance education is an under-researched area. This study aims to examine the effect of on teaching of cumulative GDA in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) settings with a focus on discourse markers. To this end, a mixed-methods design was adopted with speaking tasks of First Certificate in English (FCE) test and interviews used as the main instruments for collecting data in the quantitative and qualitative phases of this study. A total of 64 homogenized female EFL learners were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Cumulative GDA instruction of discourse markers in the experimental group was conducted by a teacher well-trained in intervention workshops. The analysis of the data based on T-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed a positive effect of GDA on the test group. In the qualitative phase of the study, interviews were used as the tool to reveal the attitudes of ten participants in the experimental group who opted to attend interview sessions. The content analysis of the interview results revealed that they had varied attitudes towards online cumulative GDA, and dominantly favoured this teaching approach in distance learning. The results highlight the importance of Assessment for learning (AfL) over Assessment of Learning (AoL) in distance education. Findings have implications for policy, practice and research.

In the early works of the eighteenth-century German philosopher, Immanuel Kant, besides explaining the philosophical and metaphysical foundations of various sciences, has illustrated a comprehensive philosophical system and desirable metaphysical critique. In his later works, through emphasizing the concept of Nature and the growth of Reason, he has considered special and multifaceted responsibilities for the Education and the University. For him, the alignment of knowledge and Nature in the university is the main mission of this institution; a mission that is required by the Faculty of Philosophy in a legitimate conflict with the top three faculties of Theology, Law, and Medicine to bring them in line with the design of Nature. This effort, in fact, is a necessary condition for accomplishing the future metaphysics and attaining the unity of knowledge and a complete philosophical system. This article, apart from explaining the idea of "the unity of knowledge" and a model of the unity of knowledge and nature in the conflict of faculties, attempts to show the relationship of this model with the plan of a complete future philosophical and metaphysical system in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. In the following, the lessons of this approach have been considered, especially in the discussion of university independence for the reconstruction of Iran's higher education.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide a model for managing volunteer forces in the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation (grounded theory).  Methodology: In the present study, the grounded theory method has been used. The statistical population consisted of experts and professors who were knowledgeable in the field of management and could provide valuable information to the researcher. The research sample was selected through chain sampling method (snowball). Data were collected through 15 semi-structured interviews with professors and experts selected by purposive sampling. The data were analyzed through three stages of open, axial and selective coding.  Findings: A model including 5 dimensions, 13 main categories and 41 sub-categories was presented and validated by members' check. Categories are as following: Causal conditions (Having monotheistic faith, having organizational faith, believing in the philosophy of the organization, paying attention to both material and spiritual aspects, having faith and commitment, belief in Velayat-e-Faqih, adhering to revolutionary values, paying attention to Islamic values, paying attention to the value of human relations). Underlying conditions (Respect for members, strengthening self-confidence in the group, strengthening self-confidence in the group, cooperation and team spirit, forming an effective team, division of labor among members, talking to employees, verbal communication, respect for the feelings of others, understanding the position of others). Interfering factors (Determining a clear mission and goal, having a vision, comprehensive knowledge of the organization, problem analysis, quality decision making, prudence and rational decision making, understanding the rules of the organization, the ability to communicate multilaterally, the ability to adjust the rules). Strategies (Develop dynamic methods of recruitment, synergy, training of subordinates, keeping employees up to date, involvement in decisions). Consequences (Retaining the old volunteer forces, attracting new volunteer forces, improving the level of organizational culture, creating a suitable work environment for volunteers, creating a favorable atmosphere in the organization, growing the participatory spirit, growing synergy, growing solidarity). Also, a comprehensive and inclusive model that covers all the contextual, environmental, technical and informational aspects related to the recruitment of volunteers in the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation was found as a central category. Conclusion: It is necessary to pay attention to the volunteer forces in the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation, which requires paying attention to issues such as respect for members, team spirit, training subordinates, strengthening organizational culture, creating a favorable organizational atmosphere.

Pluralists believe in the occurrence of numerically distinct spatiotemporally coincident objects. They argue that there are coincident objects that share all physical and spatiotemporal properties and relations; nevertheless, they differ in terms of modal and some other profiles. Appealing to the grounding problem according to which nothing can ground the modal differences between coincident objects, monists reject the occurrence of coincident objects. In the first part of this paper, I attempt to show that the dispute between monists and pluralists cannot be settled based upon the grounding problem tout court. I argue that the grounding problem or a very similar problem is a challenge for all monists and pluralists alike if they are ontologically committed to the existence of composite objects as independent entities. In the final part, adopting the Aristotelian account of essence, I propose a solution that enables pluralists to plausibly ground modal differences between coincident objects.  

Open Theism, as a new perspective in theology, has attracted attention of many scholars and mainly claims that some teachings of classical theism are not in accordance with Scripture and depict God in the way of Greek metaphysic and Hermeneutical pattern. Therefore, Open Theists proposed a new model of theology based on the notion of Openness in reaction to deterministic model of classical theism. Their point of view had some implications like mutability, temporality and direct involvement of God. But these lead to some problems in their view like inconsistency and ambiguity in addition to denying absolute perfection from Him. In this paper, we will clarify these defects and give solutions based on Islamic thought and Lastly introduce Doctrine of Badāʾ by which we will answer many of unsolved problems that led some theologians toward Open Theism. It will be shown that by Badāʾ there will be no room for inconsistency in Devine properties.