معصومه بختیاری

Discourse has been one of the most challenging interdisciplinary terms during the past few decades which connects variety of fields of study such as politics, philosophy, sociology, linguistics, and literature. One of the approaches which is born out of mutual interaction between Linguistics and socio-political debates is critical discourse analysis (CDA), which studies the relation between language and power. Among the influential figures of this approach, one may refer to Antonio Gramci, Paulo Freire, and Frankfurt School Critical Theory. Theodore Adorno as one of the key members of this school challenges the basic assumptions of educational system in his writings particularly his essay “Theory of Halbbildung,” by which he meant “Half-education.” In his viewpoint, education is deemed as very forceful, one of the manifestations of power relation, which speaks in its own language to its audience or learners. The present paper is an attempt to analyze the failure of educational system to foster autonomous individuals in Salinger's Catcher in the Rye in the light of Adorno's theory of half-education.

The first millennium BC is very important from the point of view of archeology and the study of the cultural developments of the Iranian plateau. In the time range of the first half of the second millennium BC to the first half of the first millennium BC, the simultaneity and closeness in time and place of the New Ilam, Samatore and Manna governments and the geographical area of ​​the western belt of the Iranian plateau has caused that these governments undoubtedly Different artistic, social and political influences have left each other and the works discovered by these regimes have not been devoid of these influences and impressions. In this research, which is a type of descriptive-analytical study and in order to collect its data, reference-field methods were used, to study and compare the metal weapons of these governments and the influence of each of them on the other and that in each The rule of what kind of metals are used and also what aspects and applications of the exposed metals in each of them have been discussed. In this study, the weapons examined in the northwestern areas under the Manna government had differences in terms of shape and form from other areas in the west of Iran at that time. Its kind of metalworking art has had more effects on the type of metalworking of Samatore governments directly and Manna government indirectly.