امیر لطافت کار

Introduction: The return to sport after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR) is among the main issues encountered by rehabilitation medicine, injured athletes, and coaches. A main factor preventing safe return to sports is a biomechanical asymmetry between the limbs during reconstruction, which plays a significant role in the risk of re-injury. Accordingly, injury-related biomechanical changes were systematically examined in individuals with ACLR as performed functional tasks. Materials and Methods: Articles relevant to biomechanical asymmetries between (ACLR & uninjured) limbs in English were searched in the Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed MEDLINE, and Scopus databases without time limit until 2021, using the following keywords: “Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction”, “ACL reconstruction”, “biomechanical”, “Kinetic”, “Kinematic”, and “Asymmetry”. Results: In total, 122 articles were found, of which 18 met the inclusion (PRISMA) criteria. Most of the kinetic and kinematic parameters were observed in the intervals of 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months after ACLR between the athletes’ vertical Ground Reaction Force (vGRF), peak hip abduction moment, peak knee valgus angle, peak knee flexion moment and angle, during the functional tasks; also changes were detected in the articles up to 28 months, although research in this area was limited. Conclusion: The present systematic review suggested that biomechanical variables may vary among the limbs of patients with ACLR, between 18 and over 28 months. Accordingly, an asymmetry between the limbs increases the risk of re-injury. Therefore, a better understanding of the biomechanics of the limbs in the time intervals after ACLR can provide a safer and sooner return to sports activities.

Introduction:This study aimed to compare selected kinetic factors during a cross-cutting maneuver in soccer players with athletics groin pain (AGP) and healthy-ones. Materials and Method: twenty-eight soccer players (healthy group (n=14) and AGP group (n=14)) who take-part in the first division league participated in this study. A force-plate via 1000 hertz sampling rate was used to evaluate the ground reaction force, rate of force developments, vertical-impulse, and symmetry index during the cross-cutting maneuver.The independent sample t-test used to compare the results between healthy groups with AGP. Results:The results indicated the significant differences in the peak of ground reaction force (P=0.023), symmetry index (P=0.01), and rate of force development (P=0.031) in the medial-lateral direction of the dominant limb in a group with AGP. The peak of the vertical ground reaction force of none dominant limb was significantly higher in the AGP group (P=0.004). Conclusion:It seems that groin pain changes the kinetic profile, which puts the athletes at the potential risk of overuse in the lower extremities injuries. It is also recommended to utilize the output of the current study as back to sports index, and the rehabilitation progress should be continued to reduce symptoms injuries up to the proper symmetry.

Background: Trunk control defect is one of the neuromuscular defects that can cause sports-related injuries in athletes. Aim: This research investigated whether neuromuscular training affects several kinetic parameters in male athletes who had trouble controlling their trunks during a change-of-direction movement. Materials and Methods: The present study used a pre-test-post-test design and was conducted semi-experimentally. Purposefully chosen male athletes (n= 29) with trunk control defects were randomly divided into two groups: control (n= 14) and experiment (n= 15). A Kistler force plate was used to quantify kinetic variables. The exercises were performed for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week (30 min each session). To analyze the data, dependent t-test and analysis of covariance and SPSS software version 21 were used at the significance level of P <0.05. Results: The findings indicated a significant decrease in the time to peak anterior-posterior force ( P =0.010), time to peak mediolateral force ( P =0.001), time to peak vertical force ( P =0.003), and rate of loading ( P =0.001) of the experimental group. The differences in all control group variables were insignificant, P >0.05. Conclusion: Performing neuromuscular training is likely to improve the direction change mechanism and prevent injury in athletes with trunk control defects.

Background: Low back pain is a common debilitating condition and a major clinical and socio-economic problem in the most industrialized and non-industrialized countries. Aim : The aim of this study was to compare the effect of motor control exercises and PNF exercises on postural control, strength, endurance and proprioception in women with chronic non-specific low back pain. Materials and Methods: Forty-five women with non-specific chronic low back pain selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into three groups of 15 (motor control exercises, PNF exercises, and control group). The pre-test included posture control, flexor and extensor muscle strength of the trunk, trunk muscle endurance, and proprioception using Y balance, dynamometer, McGill, and Goniometer tests, respectively. The subjects of the experimental groups performed the training program for 8 weeks under the supervision of the instructor and according to the training protocol. Then, the post-test was performed. Paired t-test and analysis of covariance at the significance level of 0.05 were used to collect data. Results: The results showed that motor control and PNF exercises improved proprioception, postural control, endurance, and strength of trunk flexor and extensor muscles in women with non-specific chronic low back pain (α≤0.05). The results also showed that there was no significant difference between the effects of motor control and PNF exercises on proprioception, postural control, flexor muscle endurance, and extensor muscle strength (α≥0.05). Discussion: Motor control and PNF exercises are effective in improving the proprioception, postural control, endurance, and strength of flexor and extensor muscles of the trunk with non-specific chronic low back pain, and both training methods are effective in treating chronic non-specific low back pain.