تحلیل جامعه شناختی مصرف گرایی در مراسم ترحیم؛ مطالعه موردی : بیرجند (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
برگزاری مراسم تدفین مانند گذشته صرفاً پدیده ای فرهنگی و اجتماعی نیست و امروزه بُعد اقتصادی و مصرفی آن نیز برجسته شده است؛ این موضوع مناسک مرگ را به صنعت مرگ تبدیل کرده است؛ لذا هدف این پژوهش درک و تحلیل علل و نتایج تمایل مردم شهر بیرجند به صنعت مرگ است. منظور از صنعت مرگ، مصرفی شدن، نمایشی شدن، تخصصی شدن، اقتصادی شدن و برون سپاری برگزاری مراسم به شرکت های خدماتی است. روش پژوهش از نوع کیفی و مبتنی بر روش گرنددتئوری بوده و داده ها، از طریق مصاحبه های نیمه ساختاریافته با 16 نفر از افرادی که تجربه ی برگزاری مجلل مراسم تدفین را داشته اند، جمع آوری شده است. داده ها پس از گردآوری در سه مرحله ی کدگذاری باز، محوری و هسته ای تحلیل و مقولات گزارش گردید. یافته های پژوهش نشان می دهد مناسک مرگ در بیرجند بازتاب دهنده ی باورهای مذهبی و فرهنگی بوده و با فرایندهای اجتماعی و روانی مرتبط است. شرایط علّی مؤثر در گرایش به «صنعت مرگ» شامل حفظ مقبولیت اجتماعی، پاسداشت یاد متوفی، تثبیت جایگاه اجتماعی و نمایش هویت است. شرایط زمینه ای مانند سنت ها، عرف، مسائل مالی و فشارهای اقتصادی در شکل گیری این مناسک نقش دارند. راهبردهای افراد شامل کاهش هزینه ها، ساده سازی مراسم، مقاومت در برابر فشارهای اجتماعی و کمک به امور خیریه است. پیامدهای این مراسم شامل فشار روانی، اسراف مالی، دشواری های اجرایی، تأثیرات عاطفی و نیز حمایت عاطفی، همدردی و آرامش خاطر بازماندگان است. نتایج این پژوهش نشان می دهد که مناسک مرگ در بیرجند تحت تأثیر باورهای فرهنگی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی شکل می گیرند. گرایش به مصرف گرایی برای حفظ جایگاه اجتماعی و هویت است. راهبردهای ساده سازی و کمک به خیریه تلاشی برای کاهش فشارهای مالی و اجتماعی است. پیامدهای منفی، مانند اسراف و فشار روانی، در کنار پیامدهای مثبت، مثل حمایت عاطفی، لزوم تعادل بین سنت و کاهش تشریفات را نشان می دهد.A Sociological Analysis of Conspicuous Consumption in Death Industry: The Case of Birjand
Introduction
Death, as a multifaceted phenomenon in the social sciences, is examined through cultural, psychological, and economic lenses, carrying profound meanings across societies. In Western contexts, death rituals have shifted from traditional ceremonies to personalized, commodified practices that emphasize individuality and identity (Bryant-Jefferies, 2006; Mandel & Smeesters, 2008). Such conspicuous consumption enables individuals to symbolically address mortality and pursue desires for immortality (Zaleskiewicz et al., 2013). In contrast, in Iran—particularly in Birjand—mourning rituals are deeply rooted in religious and traditional values, maintaining a collective nature that fosters social cohesion. These rituals include elaborate ceremonies on the first, third, seventh, and fortieth days after death, marked by extensive participation of kin and lavish hospitality, differing from the Western focus on personal memorials (Khodadadi Sangdeh et al., 2014).
Cultural and economic transformations, amplified by media influence, have driven the trend toward conspicuous consumption in death rituals. Sociological theories, including agenda-setting (McCombs & Shaw, 1972), cultivation (Gerbner et al., 1986), and consumption (Baudrillard, 2016), suggest that media portrayals of lavish ceremonies elevate them as symbols of social status, promoting consumptive patterns. In Birjand, social and economic pressures compel families to organize costly rituals, resulting in both psychological and financial strain. This study sociologically analyzes Birjand residents’ inclination toward the death industry, exploring its causes, contexts, strategies, and consequences, and proposes solutions for mitigating pressures and redefining mourning practices.
Methodology
This research adopts a qualitative approach using the systematic grounded theory method, based on Strauss and Corbin (2016), which emphasizes deriving theory from systematically collected data without preconceived assumptions (Strauss & Corbin, 2016: 34). This method was chosen to directly investigate the phenomenon of death in real-life contexts, capturing the ritualistic and emotional shifts in Birjand’s mourning practices. Theoretical sampling was employed, involving simultaneous data collection and analysis to develop the theory (Flick et al., 2017: 138). Sixteen semi-structured interviews with organizers of lavish funeral ceremonies in Birjand were conducted until theoretical saturation was reached. Purposive and snowball sampling methods were used to select participants. Validity was ensured through rigorous execution of each stage, from data collection to analysis. Reliability was established through credibility (reflecting interviewees’ perspectives), confirmability (using credible sources), dependability (detailed coding and analysis processes), and transferability (rich descriptions of Birjand’s cultural and social context). Findings indicate that the inclination toward costly ceremonies stems from social pressures, the preservation of honor, and adherence to cultural norms, providing a robust framework for understanding this phenomenon.
Findings
Using grounded theory, 324 codes, 201 concepts, and 31 main categories were extracted from interviews with 16 funeral organizers in Birjand. These were analyzed within a paradigmatic model encompassing causal, contextual, and intervening conditions, as well as strategies and consequences. The central phenomenon, termed the “death industry” is shaped by causal conditions such as concern for public perception, honoring the deceased, consolidating social status, maintaining spiritual bonds, displaying identity, adapting to crises, simplifying processes, cultural influence, sustained empathy, balancing aesthetics with ritual meaning, and emotional impact. Contextual conditions include entrenched traditions, economic dynamics, social participation, and the harms associated with superficiality in mourning practices.
Identified strategies involve managing social and financial pressures, reducing costs, integrating cultural and traditional elements, resisting lavish rituals, and emphasizing spiritual solace and higher mourning objectives. However, these strategies encounter challenges such as operational difficulties, psychological stress, and financial burdens. The consequences extend across social and cultural dimensions of mourning, financial complexities, psychological and emotional effects, spiritual and religious values, transformations in ritual practices, and operational challenges. Overall, the findings indicate that the inclination toward costly ceremonies in Birjand arises from social pressures, cultural norms, and the desire to display social status, yet it also generates significant financial, psychological, and operational challenges. The results provide a comprehensive framework for understanding this phenomenon and suggest actionable solutions to mitigate associated pressures.
Discussion and Conclusion
The inclination of Birjand residents toward the death industry is a complex phenomenon shaped by the interplay of social, cultural, economic, and psychological factors, amplified by media influence, conspicuous consumption, and identity redefinition. Qualitative findings, grounded in interviews and supported by sociological theories, reveal that motivations such as concern for public perception, honoring the deceased, consolidating social status, maintaining spiritual bonds, and displaying identity drive families to organize costly rituals. Theories such as agenda-setting (Shaw & McCombs, 1972), cultivation (Gerbner et al., 1986), hypodermic needle (Severin & Tankard, 2001), and diffusion (Kapferer, cited in Mohammadpour et al., 2009) demonstrate how media portrayals of lavish ceremonies establish them as symbols of social prestige, thereby promoting consumptive behaviors. Likewise, theories of consumption (Baudrillard, 2016), conspicuous consumption (Veblen, cited in Bayngani et al., 2013), and habitus (Bourdieu, cited in Hamidi & Faraji, 2008) highlight families’ use of luxury services to display identity and social standing. Giddens’ theory of reflexivity (cited in Alizadeh Aghdam, 2019) further suggests that in modern societies, individuals redefine their identities through lifestyle choices, including ritual practices.
The consequences of this trend include financial pressures, psychological stress, cultural shifts in mourning practices, and operational challenges, often transforming mourning from a process of solace into one of competition. To mitigate these pressures, proposed solutions include public education to promote simplified rituals, media campaigns advocating meaningful mourning, provision of counseling and financial support services, and a stronger emphasis on cultural and religious values over superficial displays. This study provides both a theoretical and empirical framework for redefining death rituals as meaningful, cohesive practices. It offers guidance for cultural and social policymaking aimed at alleviating the burdens on bereaved families and fostering rituals that prioritize emotional healing and social solidarity.
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