تحلیل جامعه شناختی نقش حس تعلق مکانی در ارتقای امنیت اجتماعی زنان در سکونتگاه های غیررسمی (نمونه موردی: محله خضر همدان) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
این پژوهش با هدف تحلیل جامعه شناختی نقش حس تعلق مکانی در ارتقای امنیت اجتماعی ساکنان، با تأکید ویژه بر زنان در سکونتگاه غیررسمی محله خضر شهر همدان انجام شده است. ضرورت این مطالعه از آنجا ناشی می شود که سکونتگاه های غیررسمی به عنوان یکی از آسیب پذیرترین بافت های شهری، با چالش های متعددی در حوزه امنیت اجتماعی و انسجام اجتماعی مواجهند و زنان به عنوان گروهی حساس تر، بیش از دیگران در معرض ناامنی های اجتماعی قرار دارند. روش پژوهش کاربردی و از نوع پیمایشی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش، کلیه ساکنان محله خضر (اعم از زنان و مردان) است تا با لحاظ دیدگاه های متفاوت، سنجش دقیق تر و واقع بینانه تری از امنیت محله به دست آید؛ هرچند تمرکز اصلی تحلیل ها بر امنیت زنان قرار دارد که بر اساس روش نمونه گیری تصادفی طبقه ای، ۳۹۲ پرسشنامه معتبر گردآوری شد. ابزار گردآوری داده ها پرسشنامه محقق ساخته بود که شامل سه بخش اطلاعات جمعیت شناختی، ۸ گویه مربوط به حس تعلق مکانی (شامل وابستگی عاطفی، مشارکت اجتماعی، مسئولیت پذیری و هویت یابی محله ای) و ۱۰ گویه مربوط به امنیت اجتماعی (شامل احساس امنیت فردی، خانوادگی، اجتماعی و محیطی) طراحی شد. روایی محتوایی پرسشنامه با نظر متخصصان و پایایی آن با آلفای کرونباخ (0.84 و 0.88) تأیید شد. نتایج توصیفی نشان داد میانگین حس تعلق مکانی (M=3.64) و امنیت اجتماعی (M=3.42) بالاتر از حد متوسط است. آزمون همبستگی پیرسون بیانگر وجود رابطه مثبت و معنادار بین حس تعلق مکانی و امنیت اجتماعی بود (r=0.65, p<0.001). بررسی زیرشاخص ها نشان داد که قوی ترین عامل مؤثر بر امنیت اجتماعی وابستگی عاطفی (r=0.68) است، درحالی که مشارکت اجتماعی و هویت یابی نیز نقش های تکمیلی ایفا می کنند. نتایج تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه نشان داد سطح تعلق مکانی موجب تفاوت معنادار در احساس امنیت اجتماعی می شود، به گونه ای که افراد دارای تعلق بالاتر امنیت بیشتری را تجربه کردند. تحلیل رگرسیون چندمتغیره نیز نشان داد حس تعلق مکانی توانسته است ۴۵ درصد از تغییرات امنیت اجتماعی را تبیین کند (β=0.673, R²=0.45). این یافته ها ضمن هم راستایی با نظریات هیدالگو و هرناندز، گیولیانی و سامپسون تأکید می کنند که تعلق مکانی صرفاً یک عامل روان شناختی نیست، بلکه سازوکاری اجتماعی فرهنگی است که می تواند در سیاست گذاری شهری به عنوان راهبردی نرم برای ارتقای امنیت اجتماعی زنان در سکونتگاه های غیررسمی به کار رود. توجه به تقویت سرمایه اجتماعی محله ای، ارتقای کیفیت فضاهای عمومی و افزایش فرصت های مشارکت اجتماعی از مهم ترین دلالت های کاربردی این پژوهش است.A Sociological Analysis of the Role of Place Attachment in Enhancing Social Security among Women in Informal Settlements (Case Study: Khizr Neighborhood, Hamedan)
Introduction Informal settlements represent some of the most vulnerable urban areas, often characterized by weak infrastructure, limited access to public services, and heightened exposure to social insecurity. Women, as a particularly sensitive group, experience these vulnerabilities more intensely, making their perception of safety and sense of belonging especially critical. This study examines the sociological role of place attachment in enhancing social security among residents of the informal settlement of Khizr neighborhood in Hamedan, Iran, with a specific emphasis on women. The research aims to highlight how psychological and social ties to place can serve as effective tools in addressing security challenges in marginalized communities. Theoretical Framework Place attachment is conceptualized as the emotional and cognitive bond individuals form with their living environment (Giuliani, 2003). Prior studies demonstrate its multidimensional role in shaping social cohesion, neighborhood stability, and collective efficacy (Sampson et al., 1997; Vidal et al., 2010). Hidalgo and Hernandez (2001) stress that attachment is not merely psychological but deeply embedded in social and cultural interactions, which can mitigate perceptions of insecurity. Within informal urban contexts, where structural deficiencies often amplify insecurity, place attachment may operate as a social mechanism to enhance collective trust and resilience. For this study, place attachment was measured through four dimensions: emotional dependence, social participation, responsibility toward the neighborhood, and place identity. Social security was defined through perceptions of personal safety, family well-being, social order, and environmental safety. These constructs provide the theoretical basis for exploring how emotional and social investment in place can influence perceptions of security. Methodology This research employed an applied, survey-based design. The statistical population consisted of all residents of the Khizr informal settlement in Hamedan. Based on Cochran’s formula and proportional stratified random sampling, 392 valid questionnaires were collected. The instrument was a researcher-designed questionnaire composed of three sections: Demographics (age, marital status, education, length of residence). Eight items on place attachment, covering emotional, participatory, responsible, and identity-related aspects. Ten items on social security, addressing personal, familial, social, and environmental safety. Content validity was confirmed by five experts, and reliability was supported by Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of 0.84 for place attachment and 0.88 for social security. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, ANOVA, and multivariate regression in SPSS (v.26). Results and Discussion Descriptive findings indicated that the average levels of place attachment (M = 3.64) and social security (M = 3.42) were both above the midpoint of the scale, suggesting relatively positive attitudes among residents. The correlation analysis revealed a strong, positive relationship between place attachment and social security (r = 0.65, p < 0.001). Among the sub-dimensions of place attachment, emotional dependence exhibited the strongest correlation (r = 0.68), underscoring the pivotal role of emotional ties in fostering security perceptions. Responsibility (r = 0.62), place identity (r = 0.59), and participation (r = 0.57) also showed significant but relatively weaker associations. The ANOVA results indicated statistically significant differences in perceived security across groups with varying levels of place attachment (F = 14.67, p < 0.001). Residents with higher attachment consistently reported stronger feelings of security. The regression model demonstrated that place attachment explained 45% of the variance in social security (R² = 0.45), with a beta coefficient of 0.673 (p < 0.001). This highlights place attachment as a powerful predictor of perceived security in informal settlements. These findings align with prior studies (Hidalgo & Hernandez, 2001; Sampson et al., 1997) that emphasize the role of neighborhood cohesion in reducing insecurity and social disorder. Locally, the results resonate with Iranian studies (Bazargan et al., 2011; Farahani & Jalali, 2020) that identify women’s participation and community responsibility as key factors in urban safety. From a practical standpoint, the study shows that security in informal settlements is not solely dependent on policing or physical interventions but can be significantly enhanced through social and emotional integration. Investments in public spaces, community participation programs, and opportunities for neighborhood dialogue can strengthen attachment, leading to more resilient and secure urban communities. Conclusion This study demonstrates that place attachment is a crucial sociological factor influencing perceptions of social security in informal urban contexts, particularly for women. Emotional bonds, social responsibility, and neighborhood identity emerged as central drivers of security perception. With 45% of variance explained, place attachment functions as a strategic predictor of security outcomes. Theoretically, the study extends urban sociology by framing attachment as a socio-cultural mechanism rather than merely a psychological construct. Practically, it suggests that urban planners and policymakers should prioritize soft, community-based strategies—such as enhancing public spaces, encouraging participation, and fostering collective responsibility—over purely physical or policing measures. However, limitations include the focus on a single settlement and the use of cross-sectional data, which restrict generalizability and causal inference. Future research should employ longitudinal and mixed-method approaches, incorporating comparative studies across formal and informal neighborhoods. Ultimately, the findings highlight that strengthening place attachment can serve as a low-cost and sustainable strategy for promoting social security and resilience in marginalized urban settings, particularly empowering women who are most vulnerable to insecurity.
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