بررسی و تحلیل استعاره های شناختی در ساختار افعال با تکیه بر سیاحت نامه ابراهیم بیگ مراغه ای
آرشیو
چکیده
استعاره شناختی الگو و چهارچوبی است که ذهن بشر برای درک جهان از آن بهره می گیرد؛به گونه ای که انعکاس مفاهیم غیرملموس در زبان و خلق مفاهیم جدید در قالب پدیده های زبانی پیوند زبان، ذهن و جهان را شکل می دهد. طبعاً جهان بیرون و تحولات آن در طول تاریخ بر ذهن، و به دنبال آن بر زبان تأثیر می گذارند که در این روندِ تأثیرگذاریْ بسیاری از مفاهیم به صورت استعاره شناختی متبلور می شوند. با شروع دوره مدرن مفاهیم فراوانی در قالب استعاره شناختی در ساختارهای گوناگون زبان فارسی به خصوص در ساختمان افعال خلق، بازآفرینی و یا دگرگون شدند. این روند در این دوران نسبت به دوره های پیشین سرعت و شکل متفاوتی گرفت. از جمله آثاری که در دوره مدرن نوشته شده، "سیاحت نامه ابراهیم بیگ" است. به نظر می رسد این اثر به عنوان یکی از آثار آغازین دوره مدرن نثر فارسی، می تواند تحول استعاره های شناختی در قالب افعال را نمایان سازد. نوشته حاضر با در نظر گرفتن اثر مذکور به عنوان پیکره پژوهش، با روش استقرائی-تحلیلی در پی بررسی و تحلیل تأثیر استعاره های شناختی بر ساختمان افعال در این متن است. حاصل پژوهش نشان می دهد، استعاره های هستی شناختی در ساختمان افعال بسیار پرکاربردند، در حالی که استعاره های ساختاری نقش کمتری در ساختمان افعال دارند. استعاره جهتی نیز فقط در بعضی افعال تأثیرگذار بوده است.An Analysis of Cognitive Metaphors in Verb Structures: A Case Study of The Travel Diary of Ebrahim Beg Maraghehie
Cognitive metaphor serves as both a framework and a model through which the human mind comprehends the world. By reflecting intangible concepts in language and generating new meanings through linguistic phenomena, it forges a connection between language, mind, and reality. Naturally, the external world and its historical developments influence the mind and, consequently, language—a process in which many concepts manifest as cognitive metaphors. With the advent of the modern era, numerous concepts emerged, were recreated, or transformed as cognitive metaphors within various structures of the Persian language, particularly in verb constructions, taking on a different pace and form compared to earlier periods. Among the works written during this modern period is the Travel diary of Ebrahim Beg (Siyahatnameh-ye Ebrahim Beg). As one of the early works of modern Persian prose, this text appears to exemplify the evolution of cognitive metaphors in verb constructions. This study, using the said work as its corpus, employs an inductive-analytical method to examine and analyze the influence of cognitive metaphors on the verb structures in the text. The findings reveal that ontological metaphors are highly prevalent in verb constructions, while structural metaphors play a lesser role. Orientation metaphors, on the other hand, exert influence only in certain verbs. Introductiona factor contributing to the formation, transformation, and structural-conceptual expansion of verbs is cognitive metaphor. As a semantic phenomenon, cognitive metaphor represents human mental concepts based on lived experiences and changes in the surrounding world. It serves as a cognitive tool that shapes mental concepts and, subsequently, linguistic expressions. The creation, innovation, and transformation of metaphors occur across the linguistic system, with verbs being one such domain. Analyzing verbs across different periods within a systematic corpus can illuminate the processes of creation, innovation, and change in cognitive metaphors manifested in this aspect of language. The Constitutional Era, marking the beginning of Iran’s modern period, brought profound societal, lifestyle, and experiential transformations, inevitably altering linguistic components as reflective tools. Thus, examining various linguistic aspects of texts from this period can effectively elucidate the trajectory of such changes. The Travel diary of Ebrahim Beg, as one of the earliest works of this era and a foundational text in the emergence of the Persian novel, serves as a suitable corpus for investigating the impact of cognitive metaphors on verb constructions. Background of the ResearchNo independent study has yet examined cognitive metaphors and verbs in the Travel diary of Ebrahim Beg. However, the following works are relevant to this field: Gandomkar (2009), in A semantic study of body-part compound verbs in Persian, briefly addresses the semantic core of compound verbs involved in schematization. Rastgoo (2015), in Semantic change in Persian words based on historical semantics, categorizes semantic shifts into intralinguistic (e.g., metonymy, metaphor) and extralinguistic (e.g., political, social factors), a classification useful for cognitive metaphor analysis. Shariatmadari (2017), in his thesis A study of metaphorical verbs in conceptualization based on conceptual metaphor theory, focuses solely on the source and target domains of simple verbs within a specified corpus. MethodologyThis study adopts an inductive-analytical approach to examine a corpus of verbs from the Travel diary of Ebrahim Beg, analyzing the types of cognitive metaphors present, their role in verb construction, and the relationship between social changes and cognitive metaphors in verbs. It seeks to determine the extent to which different cognitive metaphors influence verb constructions in the text and their frequency of occurrence. DiscussionThe analysis of verbs in the Travel diary is based on a classification of cognitive metaphors. Given the layered nature of metaphorical concepts, verbs are analyzed eclectically. The study’s framework first categorizes verbs into ontological, structural, and orientation metaphors, considering linguistic context. After frequency analysis, these metaphors are further classified as “inner-central,” “outer-central,” or “balanced.” The results identify which types of verbs (compound, simple, prefixed, or phrasal) are most frequent in each metaphorical category and which elements (verb or non-verb) dominate the metaphorical meaning. Here, “centrality” refers to the morphological core of the verb, with “inner-central” and “outer-central” denoting whether the metaphorical meaning arises from within the verb itself or its accompanying elements. ConclusionThe study confirms the presence of all types of conceptual metaphors in the Travel diary, yet only ontological and orientation metaphors directly influence verb structures. Among compound, simple, prefixed, and phrasal verbs, no “inner-central” instances were found, highlighting the significance of contextual elements in forming metaphorical meanings. Ontological metaphors are the most prevalent in shaping verb-based metaphors, followed by orientational metaphors. Overall, the findings demonstrate that non-verbal elements play a crucial role in creating metaphorical meanings, even surpassing verbal and morphological components in frequency.
تبلیغات
