چالش ها و موانع توسعه وقف در ایران
آرشیو
چکیده
نهاد وقف با وجود آنکه ظرفیت های عظیمی در برطرف کردن مشکلات فرهنگی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی، آموزشی، بهداشتی و ... کشور دارد، امروزه درگیر چالش ها و موانع متعدد شده است. این مطالعه از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از نظر شیوه اجرا کیفی بود. جامعه پژوهش تمام صاحب نظران، پژوهشگران و مجریان حوزه وقف در کشور بودند و طبق اصل اشباع نظری، 23 نفر با روش نمونه گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند. ابزار پژوهش مصاحبه نیمه ساختارمند بود و روایی و پایایی پرسشنامه با استفاده از روش ارزیابی «لینکلن و گوبا» تأیید شد. برای تحلیل داده ها از روش تحلیل کیفی «کلایزی» استفاده شد. از میان 44 تم (مضمون)، 6 زیرمقوله یا مقوله فرعی و 2 مقوله اصلی یا فراگیر چالش های نظری و ذهنی (ضعف در تقنین و انگیزه واقفان و به روز نبودن موقوفات) و چالش های عملی و اجرایی (ضعف در بهره وری، مدیریت و نظارت) قابل شناسایی هستند. این پژوهش ضمن شناسایی مهم ترین چالش ها و موانع توسعه وقف در ایران، پیشنهاد های «اهتمام حاکمیت به سامان دهی و توسعه وقف»، «به حداقل رساندن مداخلات دولتی و استفاده بیشینه از ظرفیت و انگیزه مردمی در مدیریت نهاد وقف»، «توجه حاکمیت به مسائل اقتصادی و اعتقادی»، «نگاه علمی و تخصصی به اداره وقف و امور خیریه»، «ایجاد انعطاف در وقف نامه ها جهت دهی نیات واقفان» را ارائه کرد.Challenges and Obstacles to the Development of Endowments in Iran
IntroductionThe Waqf institution has a significant role in the fair distribution of wealth, meeting the social, cultural, economic, and health needs of the society. Waqf is an effective tool to reduce poverty, increase social welfare, and strengthen spiritual values in society. Today, it faces many challenges and obstacles that have limited its development and productivity. This article aims to identify and investigate these challenges and provide solutions to solve them, using a qualitative method and semi-structured interviews with 23 experts, researchers, and executives of the endowment field in Iran. Waqf in Islam is recognized as a social, economic, and cultural institution that is aligned with goals such as social justice, poverty alleviation, and fair distribution of wealth. The Holy Qur'an and the traditions of Ahl al-Bayt (AS) have emphasized the importance of endowment and charity. Waqf is considered not only as an act of charity but also as a means to secure the future of Muslims and their children. Economically, endowment acts as a wealth moderation mechanism and prevents the concentration of wealth in the hands of certain groups. Endowment reached its peak during the Ottoman era, and many public services such as schools, hospitals, libraries, and mosques were funded through endowments. In Iran, the endowment has been of interest for a long time, however, during the Pahlavi period, many endowments were destroyed or lost their endowments. After the Islamic revolution, efforts were made to revive the endowment and withdraw endowments, but there are still many challenges in this field. Research Methodology Regarding the research method, this research is practical in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of implementation. The research community includes experts, researchers, and administrators of the endowment field in Iran, and 23 people were selected using the purposeful sampling method. The research tool was a semi-structured interview, and the validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed using the Lincoln and Guba evaluation method. "Claysey" qualitative analysis method was used to analyze the data. In this method, the data were organized in the form of open coding, subcategories, and main categories, and finally, 44 themes were identified, which were grouped into 6 subcategories and 2 main categories. Research FindingsThe most important challenges and obstacles to the development of waqf in Iran are:Theoretical and mental challengesWeakness in advertising and promotion of Waqf: Advertising of Waqf has not been carried out properly and more emphasis is placed on one-dimensional religious approaches. This reduces the motivation of the benefactors and does not attract different groups of society to the waqf.Weakness in laws and regulations: existing old laws are inconsistent with the new functions of waqf and have ambiguity and conflict. This weakness causes problems in the implementation of endowments and support for waqifs and trustees.Lack of orientation to the intentions of the waqifs: the waqifs mainly act based on classical and traditional intentions and the current needs of the society are not taken into account. This makes endowments unable to respond effectively to the current needs of society.Practical and executive challengesWeakness in endowment management: traditional management of endowments and lack of scientific and specialized view in this field reduces the productivity and income generation of endowments.Government interventions: Unprofessional government intervention in endowment matters reduces the motivation of people and the private sector to participate in endowment.Weakness in supervision: supervisory institutions in the field of endowments are weak, and this causes problems in the maintenance and monitoring of endowments. Also, there is no transparency in waqf activities and this reduces public trust in the waqf institution.Economic problems: Many endowments have low income generation and this makes them unable to respond effectively to the needs of society. Also, the maintenance and management costs of endowments are high and this reduces their productivity. Discussion and ConclusionTo develop waqf in Iran and solve the existing challenges, the following suggestions have been made:Government's effort to organize and develop endowments: The government should support endowments by creating comprehensive and efficient laws and identifying and registering endowments in a comprehensive database.Reducing government interventions and using people's capacity: By reducing its interventions, the government should use the capacity of the people and the private sector to manage endowments. This increases people's motivation to participate in endowments and improve the efficiency of endowments.Paying attention to economic and religious issues: the government should increase people's motivation for endowment by improving economic conditions. Also, it should institutionalize the culture of endowment in society by strengthening religious and cultural beliefs.Scientific and specialized view of endowment administration: Specialists should be trained by creating university courses in the field of endowment and charity affairs, and global experiences should be used in this field.Creating flexibility in endowments: Endowments should be arranged in such a way that it is possible to change the use and use of endowments in the future according to the needs of the day.Directing the intentions of the benefactors: the benefactors should be directed towards efficient endowments that fit the daily needs of the society.Municipalities' attention to endowments: Municipalities should pay attention to the position of endowments in their urban plans and prevent damage to endowments.By solving these challenges and implementing the suggestions, we can hope to develop the Waqf and increase its role in meeting the needs of society.
تبلیغات
