بررسی تأثیر اصلاح سوگیری شناختی نسبت به چهره های غمگین بر شاخص های افسردگی، امیدواری و جهت گیری زندگی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
افسردگی به عنوان یکی از شایع ترین مشکلات سلامت روان، در عوامل متعدد بیولوژیکی و روان شناختی ریشه دارد که یکی از ریشه های اصلی شکل گیری و ماندگاری آن سوگیری های شناختی است. سوگیری های شناختی، به عنوان الگوهای انحراف از هنجار یا عقلانیت در قضاوت، در افراد افسرده در قالب سوگیری های خودمغلوب ساز و تمرکز بر نکات منفی زندگی جلوه گر می شوند. اصلاح سوگیری شناختی شامل آموزش شیوه های جدید پردازش اطلاعات برای تغییر سوگیری های پردازشی مانند توجه انتخابی و سوگیری های تفسیری است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیر اصلاح سوگیری شناختی نسبت به چهره های غمگین بر شاخص های افسردگی، امیدواری و جهت گیری زندگی در دانشجویان افسرده اجرا شد. روش پژوهش نیمه آزمایشی و طرح آن پیش آزمون و پس آزمون با گروه کنترل بود. جامعه آماری شامل دانشجویان دانشگاه خلیج فارس در سال تحصیلی 1400-1401 و حجم نمونه شامل 40 دانشجوی پسر و دختر با افسردگی متوسط بود که با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند. به منظور تحلیل آماری داده ها، از آزمون تحلیل کواریانس چندمتغیره استفاده شد و داده ها با نرم افزار SPSS-21تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته ها نشان داد اصلاح سوگیری شناختی نسبت به چهره های غمگین باعث کاهش معنادار در میزان افسردگی، بهبود شاخص امیدواری و افزایش جهت گیری مثبت زندگی دانشجویان می شود. آموزش روش های اصلاح سوگیری شناختی معطوف به بهبود فرایندهای پردازش اطلاعات می تواند با اصلاح سوگیری های شناختی و کاهش هیجان های منفی، نقشی مؤثر در پیشگیری از اختلالات روان شناختی و بهبود شاخص های مرتبط با سلامت روان داشته باشد.Investigating the effect of Cognitive Bias Modification towards sad faces on indicators of depression, hope, and life orientation
Depression, as one of the most common mental disorders, is rooted in many biological and psychological factors, and cognitive biases are one of the main roots of its formation and persistence. Cognitive biases, as systematic patterns of deviation from the norm or rationality in judgment, are manifested in depressed people in the form of self-defeating biases and focusing on the negative aspects of life. Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) includes teaching new information processing methods to change processing biases such as selective attention and interpretation biases. The present research was carried out to investigate the effect of Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) towards sad faces on indicators of depression, hope, and life orientation in depressed students. The research method was semi-experimental and the pretest-posttest control group design was used in this study. The population included Persian Gulf University students in the academic year 2021-2022, and the sample size in this study included 40 male and female students with moderate depression who were selected using a purposive sampling method. Multivariate analysis of covariance test was used for statistical analysis of data and data were analyzed with SPSS 21 software. According to the results, Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) towards sad faces caused a significant decrease in depression, improved the hope index, and increased the positive orientation of students' lives. Training on Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) methods aimed at enhancing information processing processes can play an effective role in preventing psychological disorders and improving mental health indicators by correcting cognitive biases and reducing negative emotions.IntroductionDepressive disorder, or depression, as one of the most common mental health problems and the leading cause of ill health and disability worldwide (Guan et al., 2022), is rooted in multiple psychological and biological factors. All cognitive theories predict that many mental disorders, especially depression, are characterized by biased processing of emotional material, and research findings show that depressed people pay attention selectively to negative information, and tend to interpret ambiguous everyday situations in a relatively negative manner (negative interpretation bias) (Orchard et al., 2016). The concept of hope is one of the mental health-related concepts in the new positive psychology movement, which has a very strong and positive relationship with optimism and Positive Life Orientation (PLO) (Kennes et al., 2021), and an inverse relationship with negative emotions (Ritschel & Cassiello-Robbins, 2023). According to the findings of numerous researches, correcting cognitive biases has a significant effect on preventing or improving the symptoms of psychological disorders. For example, the findings of the study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of bias correction training for the treatment of depression led to a significant improvement in depression symptoms (Hsu et al., 2022). Due to the predominant increasing trend in the likelihood of experiencing depression over time and the confirmed relationship between emotional disorders and cognitive biases, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of cognitive bias modification towards sad faces on indicators of depression, hope, and life orientation of students with moderate depression. MethodIn this study, the statistical population included students with moderate depression from the Persian Gulf University in the academic year of 2021-2022, and the sample was selected using a purposive sampling method from among 327 students with an age range of 18 to 27 years who had completed the Beck's Depression Inventory. It is worth mentioning that 78 people (56 female and 22 male) of the mentioned students were identified as having moderate depression (score 20 to 28) and 40 of them were placed in two groups: test and control (using the random assignment method. The participants of both groups first completed the Beck Depression Questionnaire Beck Depression Inventory II, Snyder Hope Scale, and the Life Orientation Test (LOT-10), and then, the participants of the experimental group were placed in the process of the intervention program aimed at correcting cognitive bias. Finally, the members of both groups completed the aforementioned questionnaires as a post-test.To implement the intervention program, in the first step, 200 face images, including 100 sad faces and 100 normal (non-sad) faces, were identified from different data sets, and after the implementation of the validation process, 80 images were selected as normal faces and 80 images as sad face images for use in the dot-probe paradigm. The way this software works is that first, a positive sign (+) is displayed for 500 milliseconds in the middle of the screen. Then, two target and neutral stimuli (in this research, images of sad and normal faces) appear for 2000 milliseconds on the left and right sides of the screen. Immediately after the disappearance of the stimuli, a small black circle appears in place of one of the stimuli, and the participant must press one of the two cursor movement keys (right or left) on the computer keyboard, to determine which image the circle has appeared instead of. The reaction time to target stimuli (sad face) is subtracted from the reaction time to neutral stimuli (normal face) to measure cognitive bias (Fernandes et al., 2022). Given that the main goal of the intervention was to reduce the person's biased attention (bias) towards sad faces and draw his attention to normal faces, in 80% of the cases of presenting a pair of normal and sad faces, a circle was presented instead of a neutral stimulus (normal face). FindingsAccording to the results, there is a significant difference between the mean scores of depression, life expectancy, positive Life Orientation (PLO), and negative life orientation in the two experimental and control groups (p<0.01). In other words, in the experimental group that was subjected to the intervention with the dot-probe task used to correct cognitive bias, the mean scores of depression were significantly lower than the control group, the scores of life expectancy and positive life orientation were higher, and mean scores of negative life orientation were lower, and it can be concluded that the correction of cognitive biases has been effective on improving the depression index; life expectancy, and life orientation. Discussion and ConclusionAccording to the results, the intervention program has a significant effect on reducing depression and negative life orientation, as well as increasing hope and positive life orientation. The results of this study can be explained based on the fact that depressed people have a bias consistent with their mood in processing emotional faces (Panchal et al., 2019). In other words, in the intervention program aimed at bias modification, the repeated appearance of the probe instead of the neutral face causes a gradual, implicit, and imperceptible attraction of the person's attention to the normal face and the reduction of his sensitivity and bias towards the sad face. The inverse relationship between hope with negative emotions and depression (Ritschel & Cassiello-Robbins, 2023) can be mentioned in explaining the effect of correcting cognitive bias towards sad faces on increasing hope and positive life orientation. Given that selective attention is the primary filter for processing environmental cues, it is expected that the correction of selective attention will facilitate the processing of other types of information, and this itself will lead to improved hope and positive orientation in life. Although the present study has limitations such as the limited statistical population and the lack of follow-up, it provides a suitable context for introducing a new perspective regarding the effectiveness of new methods of cognitive bias modification.
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