واژه بست ها در زبان گیلکی: رویکردی رده شناختی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
واژه بست ها تکواژهای مقیدی هستند که ازنظر نحوی واژه اند؛ اما از نظر ساختواژی به یک واژه وابسته اند و با آن، نوعی واحد ساختواژی تشکیل می دهند. هدف از انجام این پژوهش، توصیف و تحلیل واژه بست های زبان گیلکی (گویش گیلکی اشکورات) با بهره گیری از آزمون های مطرح شده در پیشنه مطالعات، است.نخست، داده ها از طریق شمّ زبانی یکی از نگارندگان و همچنین با رجوع به برخی از منابع مکتوب گردآوری شده و سپس، تمام تکواژهای وابسته با اعمال آزمون های آوایی، صرفی و نحوی بررسی شده اند. براساس رویکرد کلاونس (1982)، می توان گفت که همه واژه بست ها در گیلکی اشکورات بعد از پایه به کار می روند و از این رو،همگی پی بست هستند. در گیلکی اشکورات11 واژه بست وجود دارد که از این میان 9 مورد، واژه بست ویژه و 2 مورد واژه بست ساده به شمار می روند. شایان توجه است که به نظر می رسد واژه بست های زبان گیلکی عمدتاً فاقد تکیه هستند.Clitics in Gilaki: A typological approach
Clitics, as a subtype of bound morphemes, can be treated as syntactic words. However, they are morphologically dependent on a word with which they make up a morphological unit. This study attempts to describe and analyze clitics in Gilaki (Eshkevarat dialect) by employing a battery of tests proposed in the literature. The data for the present study come from the linguistic intuition of one of the authors and a number of existing written sources. Then, all the bound morphemes were described and analyzed employing phonological, morphological, and syntactic tests. Under Kalavens’s approach (1982, 1985), one can say that as all clitics in Gilaki attach to the end of the base, hence they count as enclitics. Eshkevarat Gilaki contains eleven clitics, nine of which are special clitics and 2 of them are simple ones.Keywords: Bound morpheme; Enclitic; Special clitic; Simple clitic; Gilaki IntroductionClitics are similar to words in some respects, and similar to affixes in some other respects. Besides, they are regarded as bound morphemes that are neither phonologically nor syntactically independent when occur on the preceding word and form a syntactic unit with it. Consider the following example from the Persian language:(1)AliketAb-oxaridAlibook-Accbuy-PST-3SG‘Ali bought the book.’ In sentence (1), the bound morpheme ‘-o’ attached to the word ‘book’ is a case of a clitic. These elements must necessarily be attached to a base, known as the host, because they are not phonologically independent. Given the attachment direction, if the word is attached to the beginning of a host, it is considered as a "proclitic" and if it is attached to the end, it counts as an "enclitic". In addition, clitics can fall into the following groups based on their distribution and the distribution of their fully-fledged counterparts:1) Simple clitics: This group of clitics has the same distribution as their fully-fledged forms do, and their semantic and phonetic connection with the fully-fledged counterparts is clear and transparent. For example, the enclitic /-o/ meaning "and" in Persian counts as a simple suffix.2) Special clitics: These types of clitics either lack a fully-fledged counterpart or the distribution of the dependent form does not match that of the fully-fledged form. In Persian, the indefinite morpheme /-i/ and bound pronominals are considered as special conjunctions. The indefinite marker lacks a fully-fledged counterpart, and the distribution of the pronominals does not match that of the fully-fledged form, and they are in complementary distribution in some cases (Shaghaghi, 1996: 145; Zwicky, 1977 cited in Spencer 1991: 376).This research aims to describe and analyze the clitics of the Gilaki language (Eshkevarat dialect) in the framework of the approaches proposed in Zwicky and Pullum (1983), Kalavens (1982) and Shaghaghi (1996). The Gilaki language is one of the languages of the Caspian Sea, belonging to the northwestern Iranian languages (Rezai Baghbidi, 2001, p. 4). Despite the fact that there have been certain research on Gilaki language and its dialects such as Christensen (1995) and Rastorgueva, et al. (2016) who have examined the bound morphemes, still scant attention has been paid to the study of clitics of the Gilki language employing phonological, morphological, and syntactic tests. Materials and methodsThe objective of this research is to identify, describe and analyze the clitics in Gilaki. In doing so, the data are collected using the linguistic intuition of one of the authors and a number of existing written sources. Then, we describe and analyze the clitics employing phonological, morphological (dependency, blocking affixation, distribution, accidental gap) and syntactic (ellipsis under identity rule, movement rule) tests. In addition, we attempt to distinguish all identified clitics from words and affixes. Discussion of the results and conclusion Having applied phonological, morphological, and syntactic tests, we can conclude that there are 11 clitics in Gilaki language (Eshkevarat dialect), of which 9 clitics are special and 2 of them are simple ones. As all these clitics are attached to the end of the base, they are regarded as enclitics. All the identified clitics are dependent elements and therefore, they are different from words. In addition, these bound elements are all attached to the end of phrases rather than words, that is to say, they can be distinguished from affixes.Employing tests including distribution, accidental gap, and ellipsis under identity, we argued that the clitics of Eshkevarat Gilaki can be attached to bases belonging to different syntactic categories and there is no accidental gap in attaching the clitics to the hosts. Besides, some clitics can be elided under ellipsis under identity. Eshkevart Gilaki Gilki basically lacks a writing system, therefore most of the clitics do not have a fully-fledged counterpart. It is worth noting that the results of this research cannot be generalized to other dialect of Gilaki because according to the literature on Gilaki, Gilaki dialects exhibit phonological, morphological, and syntactic differences. The findings of this research can be used in the typology of the clitics of Iranian and similar languages. Investigating the historical changes of these clitics can be one of the interesting topics for future research.
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