بررسی و تحلیل بلاغی مُشک در دیوان خاقانی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
کاربرد واژه مُشک در متون ادب فارسی متفاوت است. شاعران و نویسندگان ادوار مختلف از این مادّه دارویی و معطّرِ گرانبها و کمیاب جهت تصویرسازی و آراستن کلام خود به انواع زیورهای ادبی بهره های فراوان برده اند. کاربرد واژه مُشک در دیوان خاقانی شروانی نیز ویژه و کم نظیر است. وی در اغلب موارد از واژه مشک به صُوَرخیال نظر داشته است. خاقانی که به حق یکی از تواناترین شاعران تصویرساز در ادب فارسی است به یاری شاخه های علم بیان تصاویر شاعرانه زیبا و لطیفی با واژه مُشک آفریده است. تصویرسازی این شاعر با واژه مُشک در چهار دسته جلوه های زیبایی محبوب، عناصر طبیعی، سخنوری و ارزشمندی دسته بندی می شود خاقانی شاعری استعاره ساز است و در استفاده از واژه مشک بیش از گونه های دیگر علم بیان به استعاره توجه داشته است. این شاعر با آفریدن تصاویر بدیع و مضامین نو با واژه مُشک کلام خود را خیال انگیز و تاحدّی دشوار کرده و ذهن مخاطب را به تکاپو واداشته است. این پژوهش با روش توصیفی تحلیلی به بررسی تصاویر بلاغی و خیال انگیزی که شاعر به کمک واژه مُشک آفریده است می پردازد. کوشیده ایم پس از استخراج ابیاتی از دیوان خاقانی که واژه مُشک در آنها به کار رفته است و با ارائه آمار و جدول، مهارت و توانایی خاقانی در استفاده از این واژه در تصویرآفرینی هنرمندانه را بیان کنیم.A Review and Rhetorical Analysis of Musk in Khaghani’s Divan
The use of the word musk in Khaghani's Divan is special and rare. In most of the cases of using the word musk, he had an imaginary opinion. Khaghani has created beautiful and delicate poetic and artistic images with the word musk with the help of the branches of speech science. This research investigates the rhetorical meanings and special artistic images created by Khaghani with the word musk. The poet’s imagery with the word musk can be classified into four categories of popular beauty effects, natural elements, eloquence, and value. Khaghani is a metaphorical poet and in using the word musk, he considered metaphor more than other types of expression. By creating novel images and new themes with the word musk, he makes his words imaginative and somewhat difficult and urges the audience's mind to strive. This research was done using a descriptive-analytical method. After extracting verses from Khaghani's Divan in which the word musk is used, the authors tried to express Khaghani's skill and ability in using this word in artistic imagery by presenting statistics and tables. Keywords : Khaghani Shervani, Khaghani’s Divan , Musk, Analysis, Rhetorical Images. Introduction Khaghani is one of the most capable poets of Persian literature in the field of illustration. The poet's accuracy and precision in the use of words in speech are rare. He uses words with beautiful figurative and metaphorical meanings, and with this method, he creates poetic and artistic images. Sometimes his precision in creating these images is so delicate that the mind of the audience has trouble understanding these artistic images. One of these words is musk. Considering the many characteristics and properties of this substance, Khaghani creates fresh and delicate images with the word musk and makes his words imaginative with the help of the branches of speech science. In order to understand these poetic images, which are sometimes hidden behind several layers of literary composition, it is necessary to analyze these kinds of verses so that the audience of this great poet can gain more literary taste while reading his poetry. Regarding musk, few and brief studies have been done. Perhaps the closest article to our research is the article "Poetic Adjectives of Musk and Nafe in the Persian Poems" written by Raziyeh Abadiyan (2010). But, so far, no research has been done on the use of musk and the illustrations that a certain poet made with the help of this fragrant and medicinal substance. This claim also applies to Khaghani. To this end, the present study seeks to answer the following three research questions: 1- Has Khaghani used the word musk mostly in the normal meanings of this substance, or is the majority of the use of this word related to poetic imagery? 2- Which branch of the science of speech has Khaghani paid more attention to in creating imagery with the word musk? 3- What poetic images did he use most in his creation of the word musk? Materials and Methods This research was done using a descriptive-analytical method. First, Divan of Khaghani's poems was examined and all the verses in which the word musk was used were extracted. Then, according to the poetic style and language of Khaghani, the verses were analyzed and categorized by considering the different images created. After that, according to the poetic images in those verses, the imaginary images created by the poet with the help of the word musk have been reviewed. The basis of the research: Khaghani Shervani’s Divan (2019), edited by Seyyed Ziyauddin Sajjadi. Research findings Khaghani has used the word musk 146 times in his Divan . In almost 66% of the cases where the word musk is used, he illustrated it with the help of the branches of speech science. Khaghani has used the word musk in 27 cases (18.5%) to decorate the word with similes. The remarkable point is the high frequency of simile additions, which shows the special skill of the poet in creative meaning and composition. He used 11 additional similes with musk. In his Divan , he created beautiful and subtle metaphors with the word musk 41 times (28.1%). The poet has used musk as a metaphor for hair in 13 cases. He used the word musk 20 times as a metonymy for another word (13.7%). Khaghani also considered two distinct characteristics of musk (fragrance and darkness). He used the word with irony 9 times (6.2%). Table 1. The Use of Musk in Khaghani’s Divan usage usual simile metaphor Metonym irony total frequency frequency 49 27 41 20 9 146 Percent 33.5 18.5 28.1 13.7 6.2 100 Figure 1. The Frequency of Use of Musk in Different Axes of Imagination Discussion of Results and Conclusion 1) Khaghani has used the word musk 146 times in his poems. This word is used only in 49 cases in the normal meaning of material (33.5%) and has not created a special artistic image. However, Khaghani created imagery in approximately 66% of the cases of using the word musk, with the help of the branches of speech science, which is evidence of the poet's special skill in embellishing words with imagination. 2) Khaghani is a metaphorical poet. In creating images with the word musk, he paid attention to the ornament of metaphor above all and created amazing artistic images. In his Divan , he used the word musk 41 times as a metaphor (28.1%). He used musk more than any other word as a metaphor for hair. 3) The artistic and poetic images created by Khaghani with musk are classified into four groups: the beauty of the beloved, natural elements, speech and eloquence, preciousness and miscellaneous items. Due to the dark and fragrant characteristics of musk, he has created an artistic image between musk and hair. In addition, he created an artistic link between musk and night 6 times and created an image. In 6 cases, considering the valuable features of musk, he created an artistic connection between this material and his poetry and created original images.
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