دربارۀ شمار اسم در بادرودی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
در زبان های ایرانی غربی نو شمار جمع در اسم یک مقوله اجباری است و با روش های ساختواژی یعنی افزودن پسوند جمع ساز یا پایانه صرفی به اسم نشان داده می شود و در کنار آن از مطابقه فعلی هم برای نشانه گذاری شمار جمع استفاده می شود. بادرودی از زبان های مرکزی ایران نمونه خاصی است که در آن نه تنها شمار جمع اسم اجباری نیست، بلکه علاوه بر پسوند جمع ساز و مطابقه فعلی روش های دیگری را برای نشانه گذاری جمع به کار می برد. در بادرودی شمار جمع در اسم گاهی با پسوند –u نشان داده شود؛ اما بیشتر از مطابقه فعلی و مطابقه ضمیری برای نشانه گذاری جمع استفاده می شود. در این میان مضاعف سازی ستاک اسم نیز روشی است که دست کم درباره اسم های جاندار استفاده می شود. بررسی های این مقاله نشان می دهد در تمام روش هایی که شمار اسم نشانه گذاری می شود، مطابقه فعلی همیشه وجود دارد؛ اما استفاده از پسوند جمع ساز، مطابقه ضمیری و مضاعف سازی اختیاری است. مواردی هم وجود دارد که اسم با هیچ روشی نشانه گذاری نمی شود، که نشان می دهد تمایز شمار در بادرودی مقوله ای اجباری نیستPlurality of nouns in Bâdrudi
In New Western Iranian languages, plurality is an obligatory category, and it is marked both morphologically and syntactically; however, Bâdrudi, as a central Iranian language, has a special status among Iranian languages. Insofar as the plural number is not an obligatory category and only appears alongside the plural suffix and verb agreement, this language uses other ways to mark plurality. This article examines some features of plurality in the Bâdrudi. Findings indicate that in Bâdrudi, the plurality is marked by the suffix -u, but mostly noun plurality is marked syntactically by verb agreement and pronominal agreement. The reduplication of noun stem is another way to mark plurality in animate nouns. In all the ways through which the plural number of nouns is marked, the verb agreement is always obligatory. This is but the use of the plural suffix, pronominal agreement, and reduplication are optional. There are also cases where the noun is not plurally marked in any way. This means that the distinction of number is not an obligatory category in Bâdrudi.
Keywords: number, plurality, noun, Bâdrudi, Iranian languages
Introduction
Number is one of the most common features of nouns in world’s languages. For example, English makes a semantic and a formal distinction between, for instance, dog and dogs, or child and children. In English, the number feature can also be realized on verbs and pronouns through agreement with a subject, as in: ‘these children were playing together’. In this example, the verb and the demonstrative pronoun are plural and indicate the number of children. This is by no means to state that they point to the number of ‘playing’ events. While Number is an obligatory category in English, there are many other languages in which the use of the plural marker is called upon only when it is important to mark number. Unlike English, and similar languages in which the majority of nouns, from the personal pronouns and nouns denoting persons to those inanimate objects and entities, can mark number, there are many languages that restrict the number opposition to fewer situations, namely those which are high in animacy. In terms of the number values, most number systems have only the two singular and plural polarities. But there are other degrees of numerosity that occur in different languages. The most frequent form of such number system is duality, which designates only two instances of one thing. Another one is the trial system which refers to three distinct real-world entities. Finally, ‘paucal’ stands for a small number of distinct real-world entities. Given the different ways that the number is expressed, some languages have special ‘number words’ which are employed merely for the purpose of indicating number. This includes morphological expression of number which manifests widely in terms of affixes. Stems can show changes from minor stress alternations to major restructuring to show number. The way in which number is marked syntactically is through agreement. Agreement is often in addition to other morphological means of marking plurality. Demonstratives and verbs are relatively frequent agreement targets, showing agreement in number either uniquely or combined with other categories, notably gender. Reduplication is a frequent and iconic way of indicating plurality. This may involve the whole stem, more frequently, or part of the stem; the relevant part may appear at beginning, or end of the noun.
Materials and Methods
This article examines some features of plurality in the Bâdrudi language, a central Iranian language spoken in central Iran. Part of the data used in this article are taken from Bâdrudi and Arismani corpuses, archived at ‘Corpus of Iranian Languages’. It is to note that another part of the data is collected by the author from the Fami village, where a variety of Badrudi is spoken. The data are transcribed based on the APA phonetic transcription and glossed in a semi-Persian way of glossing. Through this approach, the meanings are in Persian but the grammatical features are shown in English.
Discussion of results and Conclusion
The analyses suggest that Bâdrudi uses three methods to mark plurality:
1. Morphological Marking: In this marking system, the plural number is indicated by adding the plural suffix ‘–u’ to the noun stem, which is not obligatory and can be used along with the syntactic ways of verb agreement and pronominal agreement.
Verb agreement: Through such a strategy, the plurality is shown by the agreement between the plural noun and the verb. In this connection, the noun can also have a plural suffix: jen-u vo mir-u ru kade de âx-en “Men and women are sitting at home”. Verb agreement marks the noun that is a subject or an agent: sang baalaa cinu de darkat-en “The stones fell from the wall”. But in the sentences with ergative structure, it marks a noun that serves as an object: ču-šun ataš xossen “They burned the wood”.
Pronominal agreement: In this way, the plural number is marked on the demonstrative pronouns and comes in a noun phrase. In this case, the verb of the sentence is also used in plural form: nome izom bâ tabar amariy-en “these woods are broken by an ax”.
reduplicating: This involves the use of material from the noun stem and suffixing it at the end of the noun, like dot ‘girl’ > dotmot ‘girls’ in nin dotmot čerâ namden? “Why did not these girls come?” It can be said that in Bâdrudi while the use of morphological suffix is not obligatory to indicate the plurality of noun, the use of pronominal agreement is also not obligatory as long as there is a verb agreement. On the other hand, in all the examined examples, the use of verb agreement is an obligatory way of marking plurality. The results show that in Bâdrudi, the verb agreement is a necessary and imperative way of marking the plurality of nouns. It is interesting to note that other markers are compulsory to be used. There are also cases where the plurality is not marked in any way. Considering that the verb agreement generally marks subject or agent, a noun serving as an indirect object, is not marked by any of the morphological or syntactical ways. In general, it can be said that although Bâdrudi marks plurality morphologically and syntactically, plurality is not an obligatory category in Bâdrudi, and there are still degrees of splitness in marking the plurality.
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