بررسی و تحلیل خاطره نگاری ادبی در آثار نیما یوشیج (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
خاطره و خاطره نگاری یکی از راه های شناخت بیشتر حوادث و رویدادهای تاریخ معاصر ایران است و همواره در تاریخ ادب فارسی، شاعران و نویسندگان بسیاری از این گونه ادبی برای بیان اندیشه ها و افکار خود استفاده کرده اند. علی اسفندیاری متخلص به نیما یوشیج، یکی از شاعرانی است که سروده های او در زمره خاطره نگاری ادبی قرار گرفته است. این نوشتار بر آن است تا با بررسی آثار نیما یوشیج، برخی ویژگی های محتوایی این خاطرات را بررسی کند. دستاوردهای پژوهش بیانگر ابتکار و استقلال نیما یوشیج در ساختار هنری، ادبی و محتوایی خاطره نگاری است. این شاعر اجتماعی با نیروی تخیل خویش توانسته است آغاز گر راه جدیدی در خاطره نگاری باشد. خاطره و حسب حال نویسی نیما، حاصل نگرش تازه شاعر به جهان و هستی است؛ به گونه ای که دردها و زندگی ذلت بار مردم، تلخی ها و ناکامی های بی پایان حکومت را به تصویر می کشد. این دردها و رنج ها، گاه با یأس، نومیدی، تنهایی و گاه خوش بینی، امید به انقلاب و تغییر و تحولی بنیادین در ساختار حکومت همراه است. اجتماع و مسائل مربوط به آن از مهم ترین مضامین خاطره نگاری شعر نیماست. نیما شاعری آگاه از درد زمان و جامعه اش است و برای شعر، رسالت و تعهدی در خور قائل است، اکثر آثار نیما درباره جامعه استبداد زده، درد و رنج مردم ستمدیده زمانه خود است. به طور کلی، خاطرات شعری نیما پر از تصویرهایی نظیر: درد، فقر، رنج و بی عدالتی های اجتماعی است.Study and Analysis of Literary Memoirs in the Works of Nima Yushij
Memoirs are a means of knowing more about the events of contemporary Iranian history, and in the history of Persian literature, many poets and writers have always used many of these literary forms to express their thoughts and ideas. Ali Esfandiari, also known as Nima Yushij, is one of the poets whose poems have been included in literary memoirs. This article intends to examine some of the content features of Nima Yushij by examining his works. The results of this research show the initiative and independence of Nima Yushij in the artistic, literary, and content structure of memoirs. This social poet has been able to start a new way of memoir writing with his imagination. Nima's memoirs and autobiography are the result of the poet's new view of the world and existence, in a way that depicts the pains and humiliating lives of the people, the bitterness and endless failures of the government. These pains and sufferings are sometimes accompanied by despair, loneliness and sometimes optimism, hope for revolution, and fundamental change in the structure of government. Society and related issues are not the most important themes of Nima's poetry memoirs. Nima is a poet aware of the pain of his time and society and has a worthy mission and commitment to poetry. Most of Nima's works are about the tyrannical society and the suffering of the oppressed people of his time. In general, Nima's poetic memoirs are full of images such as pain, poverty, suffering, and social injustices. Keywords: Literary Diary, Nima Yushij, Contemporary History of Iran, Essay Writing.1.IntroductionMemory research in the contemporary era is one of the most reliable ways to examine and criticize the history of our time and a way to keep it alive. It is the memories, experiences, and historical memories of every nation that, after passing through the veil of contemporaneity, put a light in front of the judgment and instructiveness of future generations.The writer and poet of memory uses every method and tool available to him to narrate what he has seen, and heard and tell the story of his life, describing his moods and inner states; therefore, it is difficult to find a form of literary and writing in the history archive that does not include memoirs. Poems of the memoirist Nima, from different angles (first person and omniscient) and in a frightening, sleepy, and ambiguous atmosphere, depict a picture of a society full of sadness and despair of the poet. It ends with complete despair from the darkness of society and despair from the improvement of society's situation. Sometimes, in Nima's poems, there are openings of hope, which is a diagram of life and revelations. But this promising situation, before it is established, suddenly disappears and takes another form.After defining memory, memory writing, and the characteristics of memories in general, as well as a brief explanation of the types of memories, this article focuses on the topic of memory writing in the contemporary era by relying on the works (poems, letters, travelogues) of Nima Yushij.2.Literature ReviewMany research studies have been done on memoirs, most of which are devoted to the history of memoirs and the introduction of some memoirists, most of whom are political memoirists and government officials. Among the books written: "Memoirs of Iranians" (Brett, G. Frogner, 1998); "Yad Mana" (Alireza Kemri, 2013); "Memoir writing and its place in the historiography of the Qajar era" (Somia Abbasi, 2016); "Memoir writing experience in Iran" (Ahmed Ashraf, 2015); "Remembering memory, five articles about war memoirs" (Alireza Kamri, 1997) can be mentioned.So far, there has been no research on literary memoirs and the study of this literary genre in the works. The research gap in this case proves the necessity of conducting research.3.MethodologyThe current research is descriptive-analytical, and the research data will be documentary (library) and based on the direct study of historical and literary books and related points. To carry out this research, while examining the memory and characteristics of memoirs, the authors have investigated and analyzed this way of writing in Nima Yushij's works.In fact, in the qualitative analysis of memoirs in Nima's works, we seek to explain how memories together draw the political, cultural, economic, and social conditions of a country. Since in qualitative research, the researcher is the main tool of data collection and analysis; therefore, most of the information and materials of this research are collected through human tools; of course, not through dry tools such as questionnaires or computers, which are present in few pieces of research; therefore, in this research, the author analyzes the data qualitatively by studying various historical sources related to the research topic; meanwhile, in quantitative research, the researcher violates the natural conditions of data collection by focusing on the laboratory, field, questionnaire and maintaining the distance between the researcher and the subject. 4.ConclusionIn this research, memory and types of memoirs are defined and explained; next, by analyzing the poems of Ali Esfandiari, examples of memoirs in Nima's poems are examined and analyzed. And finally, the artistic functions of memoirs are depicted in Nima's works.Some of Nima's poems are autobiographies (self-written biographies), according to the situation and hadith of his soul. Nima's fresh look in expressing her mood is a kind of deviation from norms. This norm-avoidance does not mean that Nima is anti-tradition, anti-norm, or anti-eloquence; rather, it means that Nima looks at poetry and the basics of aesthetics from a new and original point of view in shaping and expressing his situation.Nima's poems are influenced by the external world of the poet, the psychology of mind and language, the temporal, spatial, and linguistic conditions of our culture, as well as the demand of the spirit and taste of aesthetics, time, and place related to him and contain special signs that directly and indirectly relate to the meanings of his life consciously and thoughtfully. Nima has used all the elements of the story (character, point of view, space, scene, etc.) in his memoir poems. He has also tried to draw social events, thoughts and his life in the form of memoirs and in this way, to influence the reader.Nima's memoirist poems are written based on chronological time and happened one after the other over time and are often allegorical and static, which in addition to describing in a direct, indirect, and mixed manner, convey thoughts and conversations through the description of actions.The poems of this poet are expressed from different angles, and the poet himself sometimes expresses the poems as omniscient and sometimes from the perspective of the first person. In some cases, he does the work of narration through the dialogue of subordinates with the main character.Nima's travelogue and letters are also an expression of Nima's autobiography, and their analysis reveals Nima's special style in his personal and social life. Nima's letters, in a moment in his behavior and thought, reflect his circumstances and mood, and for this reason, a link is established between Nima's travelogue and letters and memory.
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