بررسی بازنمایی صور طبیعی در کاشی های زرین فام کاشان در سده 6 تا 8 هجری بر مبنای آراء کوماراسوامی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
منبع:
نگره پاییز 1402 شماره 67
حوزه های تخصصی:
شماره صفحات:
۱۹۱ - ۲۰۷
دریافت مقاله
تعداد دانلود :
۹۱
آرشیو
چکیده
هنر کاشی گری در ایران سابقه کهن و اهمیت والایی دارد. توفیق هنرمندان ایرانی در بهبود نکات فنی، غنای مجموعه رنگ ها و گسترش انواع نگاره ها، تابش چشمگیری به کاشی های ایرانی بخشیده است. کاشی های زرین فام کاشان بخش ممتازی از گنجینه هنر ایرانی را تشکیل می دهند که از حیث نقش پردازی بسیار درخور توجه می باشند. مجموعه پیوسته ای از ستاره ها، چلیپا ها و شش ضلعی های در هم تابیده که هر یک به نقشی متمایز زینت یافته اند، در زمره ممتازترین نمونه های تصویرگری ایرانی قرار دارند. هنرمندان در این آثار، ذوق و احساسات لطیف خود را در رابطه با طبیعت به بهترین شکل بازنمایی کرده اند. از سوی دیگر، نگاهی اجمالی به نظریات مطرح شده در باب بازنمایی و محاکات طبیعت، حکایت از توجه نظریه پردازان و فلاسفه بدین موضوع دارد. آناندا کوماراسومی از جمله فلاسفه ای است که با جامعیت خاصی بدین موضوع پرداخته است. از نظر او طبیعت، سرمشق یا منبع الهام هنرمند می باشد. بر این مبنا سه نوع اقتباس از طبیعت در آثار هنری قابل ملاحظه است که عبارتند از: 1. شباهت مبتنی بر تقلید و تمثیل 2- شباهت بیانی 3- خیال. هدف این تحقیق تبیین شیوه بازنمایی صور طبیعی در کاشی های زرین فام کاشان بر مبنای آراء این فیلسوف است. در این راستا اصلی ترین سؤالات این مقاله عبارتند از: 1- عمده ترین عناصر طبیعی رایج در کاشی های ستاره ای کاشان شامل چه مواردی است؟ 2. در بازنمایی این عناصر در تطبیق با آراء کوماراسوامی چه معیارهایی مورد توجه بوده اند؟ روش تحقیق این مقاله توصیفی- تحلیلی بوده و با تکیه بر منابع کتابخانه ای تدوین شده است. برای رسیدن به پاسخی مناسب با سؤالات پژوهش، نمونه های انتخابی ابتدا بر مبنای مضمون، دسته بندی و سپس ویژگی های نقوش طبیعی در آن ها بررسی گردید. نتیجه این بررسی نشان از آن دارد که: بیش ترین نوع بازنمایی عناصر طبیعی در کاشی های زرین فام کاشان، در عرصه شباهت بیانی بوده و شاخصه بهره مندی، مهم ترین مؤلفه قابل توجه در این حیطه می باشد.Representation of Natural Forms in Kashan Luster-glazed Tiles from the 6th to 8th Century AH/ 12th to 14th Century AD on the Basis of Coomaraswamy’s Theories
Tilework has been of great significance in Persian architecture from a long time ago. This architecture owes a major deal of its magnificence to masterly tilework; enjoying unique decorative forms and motifs. Besides technical development in applying different materials, ornamentation is considered as well a distinctive aspect of Persian tilework creating wonderful works in different historical periods. Pictorial tiles constitute a substantial part of this rich and marvelous field. This art was being paid considerable and serious attention to in the 6th century AH/ 12th century AD in Kashan, Iran. In that time, in addition to various types of fine tiles such as those applied in delicate mihrabs (prayer niches) and distinct mosaics, a set of connected and juxtaposed elements consisting of stars and crosses, and intertwined hexagons with fine designs painted on which provided tile makers with plenty of artistic opportunities. A great number of such tiles represent some sort of royal magnificence in their designs and motifs. Natural forms are among the most important pictorial themes used in the star-and-cross-shaped tiles in the 6th to the 8th century AH/ 12th to 14th century AD Kashan.Tile makers of the mentioned works of art made a successful attempt in offering a representation, in other words mimesis, of the nature in its best mode. Despite the artistic value of these tiles as a part of the visual repertoire of Persian art, they haven’t been considered and studies properly. Accordingly, the present essay aims to find answers for the following questions: 1- Which natural elements have been used more than others in the star-shaped tiles of Kashan? 2- What criteria were considered in representing these elements in conformity with Coomaraswamy's views? In order to discover reasonable answers for these matters, this research has examined the issue of mimesis and representation of natural forms in luster-glazed tiles of Kashan on the basis of Ananda Coomaraswamy’s views, which are fairly significant in the realm of Eastern art studies. The research method was descriptive- analytical. The results indicate that it would not be possible to realize any close and exact likeness (homoiosis) between the artwork and nature in these tiles’ pictures and designs, but we can only refer to three issues: mutatis mutandi, expressive likeness, and imagination.In the first issue, that is mutatis mutandi, likeness is the most important feature in luster-glazed tiles of Kashan which could be seen in three aspects: likeness in main lines and elements, analogical adaptation, and finally, imitation.In the second issue, that is expressive likeness, two general fields, i.e. participation and symbolism, are recognized. Here, participation has a wider thematic arena. Incidentally, in the field of symbolism of the tiles’ motifs, the representation of natural elements has usually adopted cultural function, mostly expressing concepts such as growth, life, eternity, perfectionism, and the disastrous aspects of drought and evil. All these are in close relation with nature and life.Besides the mentioned issues, the third one, that is imagination in painting, is another significant feature in artistic creation. The relationship between imagination and knowledge of the essence of human’s entity, connecting him to other worlds, including the world of ideas, is a significant matter in the field of mimesis and representation of nature in the luster-glazed tiles of Kashan from Islamic viewpoint.In most cases which were studied here, the designs and their distinctions were done according to contours. Incidentally, the main motif was placed in the center, usually in bigger size in comparison with others. The way other visual elements were designed with the object of emphasizing the main motifs is another point to achieve balance and harmony, best manifested in the Kashan star-shaped tiles.Generally, with regard to Ananda Coomaraswamy’s opinions on nature mimesis and its manifestation in the star-shaped tiles from Kashan, we can conclude that observation and perception are the most prominent factors in recognizing the nature for its representation. The normal process of human’s mind in representing natural elements is an intellectual and intuitive one which could not be justified only through mere visual imitation. Meanwhile, mimesis is nothing but the artist’s conscious will in displaying the general truth of existence on the basis of his knowledge of this matter. Such mimesis should undoubtedly be considered as a means of reputation, beauty, attraction and survival for these tiles for centuries.
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