مبانی حدیث پژوهیِ فیض کاشی در کتاب شافی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
فیض کاشانی از دانشمندان شیعه در دوران حکومت صفوی است که در کنار کار پژوهش و نگارش، کار ارزشمند دیگری نیز در دستور کار خویش نهاده بود که همانا «تلخیص» و فشرده نویسی کتاب هایش است. وی الوافی را در «جمع کتب اربعه» نگاشته که پس از کمابیش چهارده سال از زمان نگارشش، دست به تلخیص آن یازید و نامش را شافی نهاد. وی در الوافی، مبانی و روش های حدیث پژوهی اش را آشکار نمود و در تلخیص کتابش، بدان مبانی و روش ها کمابیش پایبند بود؛ هرچند خود اشاره ای دارد بر این پایه که در برخی موارد، دگرگونی هایی در «ترتیب ابواب و تسمیه آنان» رخ داده است. جستار پیشِ رو، پژوهشی است در دستیابی به مبانی حدیث پژوهی فیض بر پایه کتاب الشافی؛ مبانی فقه الحدیثی فیض را در شافی که بر پایه مبانی معرفتی و غیرمعرفتی نهاده شده است، در این موارد می توان پیگیری نمود: به کارگیری آیات و روایات در شرح روایات، بهره گیری از مبانی و دلالت های عقلی در شرح روایات، بازخوانی حدیث براساس چندمعنایی بودن آن، حل تعارض میان روایات با استفاده از جمع عرفی همانند حمل مطلق بر مقید، خاص بر عام و...، بهره گیری از دانش های ادبی در شرح روایت، تأویل گرایی، و رویکرد به فرهنگ عربی در فهم حدیث. این مبانی کمابیش همانند مبانی وی در وافی است؛ البته با بیشترین دگرگونی در «تبویب و تسمیه ابواب». این جستار براساس منابع کتابخانه ای گرد آمده است و از پیش هم نهادن داده های گوناگونی که راه پژوهش به دست آمد و نیز با تحلیل و راستی آزمایی، کوشش شد تا جایی که برای نگارنده شدنی است به این مبانی و روش ها دست یابیم.The Basics of Hadith Research by Fayz Kashi in Shafi'
IntroductionFayz Kashani lived and wrote his works during the Safavid era, which was one of the most prominent and valuable periods of Shiite history when Shiite narrative books were written. One of his works is Wafi, which he wrote about the collection of four books in 273 chapters, incuding 50,000 hadiths. The foundations of Fiqh al-Hadith included the following issues: an explanation of hadiths by using other hadiths, the use of the context of hadiths, the use of the reason and space for issuing hadiths, the insistence on the emergence, an emphasis on the literal meaning, a reference to Tabadur, the use of different literary sciences, sticking to the Qur'an and interpretation, resolving conflicts from narrative contradictory, the use of document and text preferences. These foundations occurred in philosophical, mystical, theological, literary, ethical, social, and jurisprudential methods. Fayz, with his good command of summarizing books, summarized this book in 1082 AH and called it Shafi. Materials and MethodsThe research method in this treatise is a library method, through the sources that dealt with Fayz's life and education were examined. At first glance, the foundations of Fayz's hadith jurisprudence in Shafi and its use by him in examining hadiths seemed to be the same as the foundations of Fiqh al-Hadith in Wafi. Now, it seems that these principles and their application in Shafi are transformed. As Fayz himself mentioned these changes were in the introduction of Shafi. In this article, the foundations of Fayz's Fiqh al-Hadith in Shafi's book were examined, which has not been studied so far. This research is necessary because Fayz is one of those writers who have been influential. His various writings in different fields of studies can be a testimony to this claim. Examining the foundations of Fayz's Fiqh al-Hadith in Shafi can clarify this influence.Results and FindingsFayz collected four precious books of Shia narratives from Kolaini, Sadouq, and Tusi for himself. The selected principles and methods which he has more or less revealed to everyone in the three prefaces of Wafi included the explanation of the narration with verses and other narrations, the grasp of the context of the narration, a focus on the space of issuing the narration and approaching the Arab history and culture at the time of issuing the hadith and so on . In summary of Wafi, Shafi has more or less adhered to the same principles in most cases. If there was a change in the summary, it was in cases that he had changed the names of books and chapters. The mental map based on which Fayz had taken a step towards summarizing Al-Wafi is very insightful and meticulous, and the value and excellence of this work becomes evident especially when he summarizes approximately 50,000 hadiths of Al-Wafi in 6,024 hadiths. A large share of narrations in the book belongs to the book Kafi by Kolaini; Fayz's quotations from Kolaini are so many that the author has come to believe that he has summarized Kafi and in addition to that, he has benefited from other Arba books to further complete the topics of his book. Most of the explanations and statements in Shafi are the same as those in Wafi's, and in very few cases, he adds some material to Wafi's writings compared to Wafi's show that there has been no change and he has maintained his adherence to Wafi's principles after fourteen years in Shafi. These basics are summarized through the following headings: the method of document reporting, the method of text reporting and the naming of books and chapters, the basics of Faiz Hadith research, the basics of Fayz in evaluating narrations, the basics of Fayz's Fiqh al-Hadith, the use of verses in the description of narrations, the use of narrations in the description of narrations, the use of reason in the description of narrations, pointing to the polysemy of hadith, resolving conflict from narrations, using literary knowledge in the description of narration, interpretationism, approaches to Arabic culture in understanding hadith. ConclusionAccording to the information found about Fayz's life, it became clear that Fayz's thoughts and beliefs changed during his lifetime. For example, when Fayz wrote the book of Mu'tasim al-Shia and when he wrote Al-Kalamat al-Makhzuna, there was a great difference in the foundations of thinking and the methods of dealing with verses and hadiths. The fact that Fayz's scholarly personality is multi-faceted prompted an examination of his two books named Wafi and Shafi, written about 14 years apart to find the changes in his principles and methods in understanding of hadith. After a lot of research in Shafi, the obtained result was contrary to the hypothesis: that is, the principles and methods of his hadith jurisprudence have not changed.
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