ارتباط بین تعارض کار- خانواده و نگرش های ازدواج - فرزندآوری: مطالعه ای در بین زنان شاغل در شهر سنندج (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
نظر به اهمیت سازگاری نقش های شغلی با تعهدات بلندمدت خانوادگی، پژوهش حاضر ارتباط بین تعارض کار- خانواده و نگرش های ازدواج- فرزندآوری زنان شاغل را بررسی کرده است. چارچوب نظری پژوهش مبتنی بر نظریه های تعارض نقش، نابرابری جنسیتی، حمایت اجتماعی و منابع اقتصادی است. پژوهش برحسب نوع و روش گردآوری داده ها کمّی و پیمایشی است. میدان مطالعه، سنندج و نمونه شامل 338 زن ازدواج نکرده و دارای همسر 49-15 ساله شاغل است که با نمونه گیری خوشه ای چندمرحله ای و تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند. یافته ها نشان داد زنان ازدواج نکرده ای که تعارض کار- خانواده بالاتری را تجربه می کنند، سن بالاتری را برای ازدواج مناسب می دانند. همچنین، تجربه بالاتر تعارض کار- خانواده در بین زنان دارای همسر با نگرش به تعداد فرزند کمتر همراه است. یافته های تحلیل چندمتغیره نشان داد که در زنان مجرد، 5/23 درصد از تغییرات نگرش به سن ازدواج توسط متغیرهای وضعیت استخدام و تعارض کار- خانواده؛ و در زنان دارای همسر، 5/42 درصد از تغییرات نگرش به تعداد فرزند ایده آل با متغیرهای تعارض کار- خانواده و سن تبیین می شوند. قرار گرفتن زنان در موقعیت های شغلی ایمن و رفع تعارض های کار- خانواده با در پیش گرفتن سیاست های حمایت از خانواده برای تحقق ایده آل های ازدواج- فرزندآوری از توصیه های سیاستی پژوهش حاضر است.Work-Family Conflict and Attitudes towards Marriage and Childbearing: A Study among Employed Women in Sanandaj City, Iran
Considering the importance of the compatibility of job roles with long-term family commitments, this study investigated the relationship between work-family conflict and marriage-childbearing attitudes of employed women. The theoretical framework is based on role conflict, gender inequality, social support, and economic resources theories. The study according to the type and method of data collection, is quantitative. The field of study is Sanandaj and the sample includes 338 employed never-married and married women aged 15-49 who were selected by multistage cluster and simple sampling. The results showed that never-married women who experience higher work-family conflict consider an older age suitable for marriage. Also, the higher experience of work-family conflict among married women is associated with the attitude of having fewer children. The findings of multivariate analysis showed that among never-married women, 23.5% of the changes in attitude towards marriage age were explained by employment status and work-family conflict; and among married women, 42.5% of the changes in attitude towards the ideal number of children were explained by work-family conflict and age. Placing women in safe job positions and resolving work-family conflicts by adopting family support policies to realize the ideals of marriage-childbearing are the policy recommendations of this study. IntroductionIncreasing marriage age and low fertility are the realities of today's Iranian society. According to the evidence, the mean age at first marriage for men and women in Sanandaj in 2021 was 28.6 and 24.8 years, respectively, and the total fertility rate of Kurdistan in 2021 was 1.66 children. Simultaneously, the presence of women in social fields has increased, and due to the increase in their education, their willingness to participate in work outside the home has increased. The increase in women's participation in activities outside the family, especially in relatively traditional contexts where their economic participation and employment are still low compared to men, brings the issue of work-family conflict for women. This issue can affect women's behavior and attitudes towards marriage and childbearing. The purpose of this study is to know the work-family conflict situation among employed women, and its relationship with marriage-childbearing attitudes. Methods and DataThis study is quantitative in terms of the nature of the data and it was conducted with a survey and questionnaire. The questionnaire was examined through face validity and reliability by Cronbach's alpha. The research was conducted in Sanandaj. The statistical population is all employed women 15-49 years, both unmarried and married, whose number is 17,779 according to the census of 2016. The sample size is estimated at 376 persons based on Cochran's formula. To select samples, multi-stage sampling consisting of cluster, stratified disproportionate, and simple random sampling was used. Finally, a total of 338 complete questionnaires were analyzed. FindingsAccording to the results, the level of work-family conflict among women in this study was average, so that 63.3% of unmarried women and 64.5% of married women were distributed in the moderate conflict category.The ideal mean age for marriage was 26.6 years according to the unmarried women. The average number of ideal children according to the married women was about 1.9 children.In Table 1, the relationship between the level of work-family conflict and the attitude towards the ideal age for marriage is direct. In other words, unmarried women who have experienced higher conflict are considered an older age suitable for marriage. The relationship between the work-family conflict and the attitude toward the ideal number of children for today's couples is inverse as expected. That is, the higher experience of work-family conflict among married women is associated with the attitude of having fewer children. Table 1- The relationship between the level of work-family conflict and marriage and childbearing attitudesVariablesAttitude toward the ideal age of marriageAttitude toward the ideal number of childrenLevel of work-family conflict0.210*-0.190*Sig. (2-tailed)0.0210.034N120182*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)In the first part of Table 2, the results indicate that two variables of employment status (Beta= -0.414) and work-family conflict (Beta= 0.254) had a significant relationship with the dependent variable, among other variables. It can be seen that the effect of the employment status variable is reversed, meaning that being in other categories of employment status is associated with an attitude towards a younger age of marriage compared to part-time employment. On the other hand, the effect of work-family conflict is direct, meaning that experiencing higher work-family conflict is associated with an attitude toward a higher age of marriage. In total, these two variables have explained about 23.5% of the changes in the dependent variable.Table 2- Multivariate regression analysis of unmarried women's attitude toward the ideal age of marriage and married women's attitude toward the ideal number of childrenRegression analysisModelRR SquareAdjusted R SquareStd. Error of the EstimateThe unmarried women's attitude towards the ideal age of marriage10.4310.1860.1772.6252*0.5000.2500.2342.533VariablesUnstandardized CoefficientsStandardized Coefficients BetatSig.BStd.Error(Constants)19.8101.215-16.3020.000Employment status (part-time reference)-2.8920.626-0.414-4.6210.000Level of work-family conflict0.0650.0230.2542.8370.006The married women's attitude towards the ideal number of children10.6350.4040.4010.6892*0.6570.4310.4250.675VariablesUnstandardized CoefficientsStandardized Coefficients BetatSig.BStd.Error(Constants)-0.8580.354--2.4270.016Level of work-family conflict-0.0640.013-0.429-4.8130.000Age0.0360.0120.2652.9710.003*ANOVA is significant at the 0.01 level In the second part of Table 2, the results indicate that two variables of work-family conflict (beta= -0.429) and age (beta= 0.265) had a significant relationship with the attitude towards the ideal number of children among other variables. The effect of the work-family conflict is reversed, meaning that experiencing higher work-family conflict is associated with fewer children as an ideal, and vice versa. On the other hand, the effect of age is direct, meaning that older women consider higher children as ideal. These two variables have explained about 42.5% of the changes in the dependent variable. Conclusion and DiscussionIn Sanandaj, as a part of Iran, as long as the current conditions of the society provide a context for changes in the traditional institution of the family and increase the education and social participation of women, the policymakers should provide the basis for their real participation in work and employment to prevent the wastage of human capital and to fulfill themselves and their expectations. For this purpose, placing women in safe job positions and removing obstacles to combining employment and family life by adopting family support policies to realize the ideals of marriage and childbearing for women and families are among the policy recommendations of the study.
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