مطالعه تطبیقی پیکرنگاری انسان در سه نسخه از صورالکواکب قرن نهم هجری (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
صورالکواکب الثابته اثر صوفی رازی از کتب مصور نجوم قدیم است که نگاره هایی برای صورت های فلکی دارد. صورالکواکب ترکیبی از هنر و ستاره شناسی است و می توان تصویرسازی های آن را به عنوان نمادی از نگارگری دوره های گوناگون مطالعه نمود. پژوهش حاضر در حیطه پژوهش های میان دانشی قرار می گیرد و همان گونه که زمینه تخصصی صورالکواکب ایجاب می کند، نگارندگان تحلیل های هنری خود را با در نظرداشتن ملاحظات نجومی به انجام رسانیده اند تا به این پرسش پاسخ دهند که تحولات هنری قرن نهم هجری چه تأثیراتی بر نگاره های انسانی صورالکواکب آن دوران نهاده است؟ در این پژوهش پس از تجزیه وتحلیل کمّی و کیفی پیکرنگاری، چهره پردازی و جامه آرایی انسان در سه نسخه از صورالکواکب در قرن نهم هجری، چگونگی تأثیر الگوهای هنری دوره تیموری بر نگارگران صورالکواکب در زمینه بازنمایی پیکره آدمی با هدف مشخص نمودن میزان و نحوه تأثیرپذیری نگاره های مورد مطالعه از سبک و آثار هم عصر واکاوی شده است. روش پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه ای است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد نگارگران صورالکواکب ضمن رعایت جوانب علمی، ترکیبی از سنن تصویری نسخه های پیشین صورالکواکب را با الگوهای هنری زمانه خود درآمیخته اند که در جزئیات نمود بیشتری یافته است. بااین حال نمی توان آنها را کاملاًً بر هنر دوره تیموری منطبق دانست.Comparative Study of Human Body Design in Three Versions of Suwar Al-Kawākib Ninth Century AH.
M any scientific books in various fields of knowledge prepared and produced by Muslim artists have been decorated with images of humans, animals and plants. Although human iconography in the art of Iran (Islamic period) was affected by the religious view of the Islamic society regarding the representation of the human body and living things, there were ups and downs, but it seems that the illustrators of scientific books had more freedom of action. One of these scientific books, which is considered one of the most famous educational books on ancient astronomy, is Suwar Al-Kawākib (about 355AH) written by Abdul Rahman Sufi Razi. This book is an illustrated map of the sky, and in addition to comprehensive information and detailed tables of celestial objects, it has pictures for understanding and memorizing constellations. The iconography of living beings (humans and animals) can be seen without any restrictions, even in the oldest versions of Suwar Al-Kawākib (belonging to the early fifth century of Hijri). It seems that the tradition of illustration of Suwar Al-Kawākib , which started from the first editions and at the same time as the book was written, has continued in the later editions, and the illustrators, in addition to preserving the general state of the illustrations, have also taken advantage of the artistic features of their era. To the extent that in the versions of the 9th, 10th and 11th centuries of Hijri, the effects of the artistic patterns of the era can be clearly recognized on the paintings of Suwar Al-Kawākib . Therefore, the pictures of Suwar Al-Kawākib can be studied as a representative of a type of science painting in different periods. In Suwar Al-Kawākib , the fourteen constellations Cepheus, Bootes, Hercules, Cassiopeia, Perseus, Auriga, Ophiuchus, Andromeda, Gemini, Virgo, Sagittarius, Aquarius, Orion and Centaurus are associated with “man”. The present research has analyzed and studied the pictures related to the mentioned faces in three versions of Suwar Al-Kawākib of the 9th century AH (belonging to 820 AH, about 853 AH and 891 AH). This writing is in the field of interdisciplinary researches and Tawaman has compared and analyzed the human and semi-human paintings of the book Suwar Al-Kawākib from the perspective of art and astronomy. The brilliance of the art schools of the 9th century Hijri is associated with the re-flourishing of Iranian astronomy in the Samarkand scientific school (from the middle of the century), which had tremendous effects on art and science. In addition, the reason why authors pay attention to human and semi-human images (among other constellations) and the book Suwar Al-Kawākib (among various books in the field of astronomy and astronomy) is the abundance of similar examples of human iconography in non-astronomical works, which is possible It provides a comparison of the studied pictures with human figures (in other works of painting with general subjects). And the other thing is that Suwar Al-Kawākib is one of the few astronomical illustrated books that is completely specialized only on objects outside the solar system. This book contains a combination of art and astronomy, so by studying and exploring Suwar Al-Kawākib , one can clarify the impact of artistic experiences and astronomical discoveries on scientific-astronomical imagery of the mentioned period. The question of this research is “What effects did the artistic developments of the 9th century of Hijri have on the human paintings of Suwar Al-Kawākib of that era?” That is to say, to what extent were painters influenced by common aesthetic rules and how did they succeed in observing the artistic principles of their time in their constellation paintings while observing the scientific criteria of Suwar Al-Kawākib ? The authors have first examined the representation of humans and animals. Then, by quantitative and qualitative analysis of iconography, face painting and human clothing in the three studied versions, they investigated how the artistic patterns of the Timurid period influenced the painters of Suwar Al-Kawākib in the field of representation of the human body. The main goal of the research is to determine the extent and manner of the influence of Suwar Al-Kawākib paintings of the 9th century AH from contemporary works and styles. The results of the research show that the illustrators of Suwar Al-Kawākib , while respecting the scientific aspects, have mixed the pictorial traditions of the previous versions of Suwar Al-Kawākib with the artistic patterns of their time, which is more expressed in details. However, they cannot be considered completely compatible with the art of the Timurid period. Most of the past researches have only dealt with one of the artistic or astronomical aspects, which provides an incomplete understanding of the various angles of such documents. In this research, due to the scientific nature of the Sawar al-Kawakb book, artistic motifs have been analyzed in accordance with the scientific rules of astronomy, which can be the distinguishing feature of this writing from previous similar researches.
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