گونه شناسی و طبقه بندی فرش های تصویرشده در نگاره های نسخه شاهنامه طهماسبی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
منبع:
نگره پاییز 1401 شماره 63
حوزه های تخصصی:
شماره صفحات:
۹۵ - ۱۱۱
دریافت مقاله
تعداد دانلود :
۱۸۱
آرشیو
چکیده
شاهنامه شاه طهماسب یک اثر هنریِ بی بدیل اوایل مکتب نگارگری صفوی (تبریز دو) است؛ که مشتمل بر 258 نگاره بوده و نگاره های این شاهنامه حاصل درهم آمیختگی دو مکتب مهم نگارگری پیش از خود یعنی مکاتب هرات و ترکمانان می باشد. عناصر موجود در طراحی هر یک از نگاره های منعکس شده در شاهنامه شاه طهماسب شامل مناظر طبیعی، صحنه های بزم و رزم، داستان های اسطوره ای، بناهای معماری ایرانی و فرش به عنوان جزء شاخص در نقش پردازی این شاهکار هنری محسوب می شود. مسأله اصلی در این پژوهش مطالعه طرح کلی و طبقه بندی فرش های تصویرگری شده در نگاره های نسخه شاهنامه شاه طهماسب و نیز بررسی نقوش و اجزای به کار رفته در آن ها است که با هدف دست یابی به مجموعه ای از اطلاعات طبقه بندی شده از این فرش ها در حوزه ساختارشناسی طرح و نقش فرش ایرانی اجرا شده که در نهایت زمینه ای برای مقایسه دست آوردهای این پژوهش با فرش های بازمانده از دوره صفوی را فراهم آورد. بنابراین سوالات اصلی این پژوهش عبارتند از: 1- ویژگی های نقوش و اجزای فرش های بازتاب یافته در نگاره های نسخه شاهنامه شاه طهماسب چگونه است؟ 2- تنوع و طبقه بندی طرح ها در فرش های بازتاب یافته در نگاره های نسخه شاهنامه شاه طهماسب چگونه است؟ روش تحقیق ، توصیفی تحلیلی با رویکرد ساختارشناسی طرح و نقش بوده و تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات به شیوه کیفی انجام گرفته است. جمع آوری اطلاعات به منظور دست یابی به پیشینه و سوابق تاریخی و شناسایی نگاره های شاهنامه، کتابخانه ای است. جامعه آماری مربوط به نگاره های نسخه شاهنامه شاه طهماسب که دارای طرح فرش می باشند، 80 نمونه را شامل می شود که از این میان تعداد 5 گروه از طبقه بندی طرح و نقش قالی که شامل 3 نمونه از گروه فرش های افشان، 2 نمونه طرح لچک ترنج، 3 نمونه طرح ترنج دار، 3 نمونه طرح قابی، 3 نمونه فاقد طرح و نقش متن به صورت هدفمند و بر اساس تنوع و کامل بودن طرح، برای تحلیل اطلاعات، به عنوان جامعه نمونه انتخاب و بررسی شده اند. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد که ظهور طرح های افشان و گردان، حاصل میل و شور هیجان نگارگران مکتب ترکمانان و اجرای طرح های قابی و واگیره ای دقیق محصول فعالیت نگارگران مکتب هرات (دو مکتب تاثیرگذار و پایه اصلی مکتب نگارگری تبریز دوره صفوی) می باشد و با توجه به نحوه اجرا، دقت و پردازش طرح و نقش قالی های نقاشی شده در نگارگره ها، به نظر می رسد فرش های موجود در این نگاره ها بیشتر جنبه تزئینی داشته و در ترکیب بندی و فضاسازی کلی موضوع بکارگرفته شده اند.The Typology and Categorization of Illustrated Carpets in Shah Tahmasb’s Shahnameh
In the Safavid period, along the growth of other arts, carpet was manufactured as a valuable product, by support of the patrons, while the period was known as the golden age of design, pattern, color and carpet production. Above all, the Persian painting, applying the illustration of dominant literary subjects, is constantly known as one of the fields, suitable for an artistic challenge. Shah Tahmasb’s Shahnameh is a highly influential issue in the realm of painting of Iranian historical periods which has been performed by the most professional artists. The present illustrated versions of Persian painting embody different concepts that have been elaborated by taking advantage of prevalent elements of the daily life. Shah Tahmasb’s Shahnameh which is known as one of the jewels of Persian painting of the mentioned period, having an expanded variety of unique features, is a proper domain to represent the artistic issues in a gorgeous way, and besides, the carpets play an important role in the composition and decoration. As a conclusion, the Persian carpets in the different versions of shahnameh, are considered as part of subjects, applied by artists in order to make relevant illustrations and are alike the elements of their own periods. However, it seems that illustrations of some existent illustrated carpets in the Shah Tahmasb’s Shahameh have their own principles in Iranian paintings. Shah Tahmasb’s Shahnameh is considered as a magnificent art work of early Safavid Miniature School (Tabriz II). Interwoven by the two main miniature schools of Herat and Turkmens, this masterpiece includes 258 illustrations. The main design elements of each illustration in Shah Tahmasb’s Shahnameh include natural scenery, battle and festivity scenes, mythical tales, Iranian architectural buildings and carpets. Abundance of the carpets that are figured and illustrated in the mentioned version of Shahnameh, and also the historical period of it, which are supreme factors in the production of handmade carpets, demonstrate the importance of them. Therefore, the main issue in the present research is to conduct a study on the total pattern of illustrated carpets in Shah Tahmasb’s Shahnameh and to scrutinize on the figures and elements used in it which have been performed in order to reach a collection of categorized data about the carpets in terms of the structural aspects of design and illustration in Iranian carpets. At last, it will present a possibility to have a comparison on the outcomes of this research, on the carpets of the Safavid period. Thus, these are the main questions of the research: What are the features of illustrations and elements in the represented carpets of Shah Tahmasb’s Shahnameh? How are the diversities and categorizations of designs in the represented carpets of Shah Tahmasb’s Shahnameh? The research method is descriptive-analytical with the pattern and design morphology approach and the data are analyzed qualitatively. The information about the identification and historical background of the illustrations of Shahnameh is gathered through library research. The study cases totally include 80 samples, out of which 14 samples in five categories (3 samples in the category of Overall Flower carpets, 2 samples in the category of Lachak Medallion, 3 samples in the category of Medallion, 3 samples in the category of Panel patterns and 3 samples in the category of patternless field designs) have been purposively selected for the analysis. According to the general categorization and features of each rank, the details and compounds have been considered and analyzed in the whole studies, and analyses are based upon the rules and principles of Iranian carpet which is adherent to the traditional designing principles of Iranian art. To have more understanding and observation about the mentioned carpets, the linear patterns of all the samples have been prepared and all the analyses are based upon them. The results demonstrate that the carpets available in the Shah Tahmasb’s Shahnameh are under the effect of a desire to fantasy and enthusiasm of the Turkmens school (which appears in Overall Flower carpets) and the original and meticulous style of Herat (demonstrated itself in framed carpets and Kufic margins). Generally, the carpets illustrated in the Shah Tahmasb’s Shahnameh are the fruits of imagination of the artists who their main concern was to represent the chief concept that they were focusing on, which is to illustrate different topics of Shahnameh beside the reflection of magnificence of the art protectors. Above all, the general construction of carpets conforms to those that remained from that period. The value of the carpets is so predominant, beside the other arts like music, architecture, handicrafts and etc. The illustrations are committed to the carpet weaving traditions of Iran and they construct significant parts of the illustrations, related to the dexterity of the artist, as if they have a decorative function and they cannot be assumed as remained carpets from the Safavid era.
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