بدر شاکر السیاب و گذار از شعر رمانتیک به شعر مدرنیستی تاماس استرن الیوت بر اساس مکتب ادبیات تطبیقی فرانسه (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
پژوهش حاضر به بررسی نفوذ و تأثیر توماس استرنز الیوت (1888-1965) شاعر، نمایشنامه نویس، منتقد ادبی و ویراستار آمریکایی- بریتانیایی بر شعر بدر شاکر السیاب (۱۹۲۶-۱۹۶۴)، شاعر مشهور عراقی و از پیشاهنگان شعر نو عرب می پردازد. سؤال اصلی تحقیق این است که کدام خاستگاه اندیشگانی از اندیشه های الیوت بر آثار السیاب تأثیر گذاشته است و تأثیرات بیانی یا صور خیال تی .اس الیوت بر بدر شاکر السیاب چه هستند؟ روش پژوهش پیشِ رو، توصیفی-تحلیلی است و اساس آن مبتنی بر نظریه تطبیقی تأثیر مکتب فرانسوی کلادیوگیین در «زیبایی شناسی تأثیر ادبی» است. مطابق با نظریه کلادیوگیین، تأثیر ادبی محل زایش آثار ادبی دیگر می شود و ادبیات، ادبیات تولید می کند. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد السیاب، تحت تأثیر اندیشگانی و بیانی الیوت قرار گرفت و دیگر روی از شعر رومانتیک برتافت و به شعر مدرنیستی الیوت روی آورد. وی به مضامین مشابه الیوت توجه کرد و از این رو شعرش بازتاب ناامیدی و یأسی است که در عراق حاکم شده بود و عراق را همانند سرزمین بایر الیوت توصیف کرد؛ دیکتاتورها و مستبدانِ عراق را غیرمستقیم به باد انتقاد گرفت و به تأثی از الیوت، بغداد را شهر غیرواقعی توصیف کرد که بایر و بی آب و علف است که از آن چیزی رویش نخواهد کرد؛ همان گونه که الیوت معتقد است از سرزمین بایر هیچ رویش و رشدی اتفاق نمی افتد. در حوزه تأثیرات بیان یا صورخیال، السیاب تحت تأثیر الیوت، به واسطه بهره گیری هنرمندانه از اسطوره تموز و ایشتر، به مسببین سرزمین بایر عرب حمله کرد. تحت تأثیر الیوت، السیاب از استعاره های الیوتی استفاده کرده است و برای نشان دادن غلبه تاریکی بر روشنایی، شب را با صنعت تشخیص به کار برده است؛ همان شیوه ای که الیوت نیز در بازنمود اوضاع تیره و تار سرزمین بایر از آن بهره گرفته است. هرچند الیوت بر السیاب اثر گذاشت، اما شعر السیاب به هیچ روی تقلیدی نیست و وی اشعاری را سروده که تأثیر الیوت را کم و ناچیز جلوه می دهد.Badr Shakir Al-Sayyab and the transition from romantic poetry to Thomas Stern Eliot's modernist poetry based on the French school of comparative literature
The present study examines Eliot's influence on the poetry of the Iraqi poet, Badr Shaker Al-Sayyab. The main question of the research is which intellectual origin of Eliot's thoughts has influenced Al-Sayyab's works, and what is T.S Eliot's expressive and imaginative influence on Al-Sayyab’s poetry? The research method of the present research is descriptive and analystical and the comparison of signs and its theoretical framework is based on the comparative theory of influence of the French school of Claudio Guillen in "The Aesthetics of Literary Influence". According to Claudio Guillen's theory, literary influence gives birth to other literary works and literature produces literature. The results of the study show that under the influence of Eliot's thought, al-Sayyab turned away from romantic poetry and became an adeherent of modernist poetry. Thus, he turned to themes similar to those of Eliot's poetry and therefore his poetry reflects the despair and hopelessness that prevailed in Iraq and describes Iraq as a wasteland which is reminiscent of Eliot’s wasteland; Al-Sayyab indirectly criticized the dictators and autocrats of Iraq, and like Eliot who condemns unreal cities that lack humanity in his poems, al-Sayyab too condemned Baghdad as an unreal city that is a wasteland and without water that nothing will grow from it, as Eliot believes that nothing will grow from the waste land. In the field of expressive effects or imagaries, under the influence of Eliot, through the artistic use of the myth of Tammuz and Ishtar, Al-Sayyab attacked the causes of the Arab wasteland. Influenced by Eliot Al-Sayab, used Eliotique metaphors like personification of night to show the tangible dominance of darkness over light, the same method used by Eliot in depicting the chaotic and dark situation of the wasteland. Although Eliot influenced Al-Sayyab, Al-Sayyab's poetry is not an imitation in any way, and he wrote poems that make Eliot's influence seem insignificant.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Discovering the connection and influence of literary texts doubles the pleasure and beauty of reading and criticizing it. Comparison may be used to show affinity, tradition, or influence. The popularity and acceptability of Eliot's poetic style and thought among many Eastern and Arabic-speaking writers due to the translation of his poems cannot be hidden. In recent years, due to the popularity of Eliot's poetic style among readers and writers, many Arab-speaking contemporary poets and writers have expressed their fascination with Eliot's thought and poetic style. Poets like; Nazzul Malakeh, Al Bayati, Adonis, Boland Al Haydari, Abdul Sabour, Tawfiq Sayegh, Yusuf Al Khal, and especially Badr Shaker Al Sayyab, in their literary works and poetry, expressed their fascination with Eliot's thought and poetic style, sometimes by translating some of his poems, sometimes by composing a work or a speech about Eliot (Allaq, 2009: 70).
Research Methodology
The research method and type of the current research is descriptive and analystical which places emphasis on matching signs and is based on the comparative theory of influence of the French school of Claudio Guillen in the article "The Aesthetics of Literary Influence". According to Claudio Guillen's theory, literary influence creates literary works and literature produces literature. What Guillen considers as an influence is either a conscious borrowing from another poet or a reflection of an earlier poet that the late poet himself is unaware of. Regarding the reflection of the influence of the former poet on the later poet, it should mention the set of elements preserved in the mind of the later poet. What Ferdinand Brontër once called "the almost infinite field of comparative literature" (quoted in Guillen, 1971: 18) certainly requires the use of not one method, but several, since the vast array of phenomena it covers lends itself to more than one theoretical model.
Cluadio Guillen distinguishes between influence and parallelism. He considers the effect as an important and recognizable part of the origin of the artistic work. He says about the intention of comparative studies, "discovery of influence does not change the value of a poem; rather, the study of the influence tries to make a value judgment and does not seek to measure the reality (Guillen, 1971: 19). Literary researcher and critic must evaluate the performance or influence of the early poet on the later poet (Ibid).
Discussion
The main problem of the research is to find out if Al-Sayyab is close to Eliot and was influenced by him? The hypothesis of the research is that Al-Sayyab was influenced by Eliot, so this research aims to show the limits and gaps and why Al-Sayyab paid attention to the American poet. Al-Sayyab 's following of Eliot, considering his innate talent and genius and familiarity with the English literature and the significant translation of Eliot's poems, shows that research in this field needs more reflection and scrutiny. The discussion includes the following themes and topics:
3.1. Representation of despair and hopelessness in the poetry of Eliot and Al-Sayyab
In Eliot's thinking, desperation and despair surges (Eliot, 2009: 53). Al-Sayyab, inspired by Eliot's The Waste land, in the poem "The City of Sinbad" is disappointed and hopeless about the chaotic situation of his country and believes that even Adonis, the symbol of the revival of nature in Greek mythology, cannot restore life to Iraq.
3.2. Reflection of the Theme of the River
One of the similar poetic themes that is reflected in Eliot's poem and influenced by him in Al-Sayyab's poem, in order to represent the decline of society and the desperate man today, is the use of the theme of the river.
3.3. The Theme of Unreal City
In the poem The Waste Land, Eliot uses the theme of the unreal city for big cities, where there is no trace of humanity, purity and innocence. In line with this modernist attitude, Al-Sayyab's view of Baghdad originates from this watershed. Influenced by Eliot, he considers Baghdad to be a wasteland. In Al-Sayyab's thinking and attitude, Baghdad, like western cities, is on the verge of decay and destruction.
3.4. A Symbolic Reflection of Myth
The symbolic and symbolic use of similar myths is one of the areas where the influence of Eliot's attitude and poetic style on Al-Sayyab can be clearly shown. Influenced by Eliot, Al-Sayyab draws upon myths in every part of his poetry, which somehow have been indigenized in his thought and attitude with a slight change in nature.
3.5. Personification of the Night
Personification of the Night is one the themes that Eliot used in his poem and likewise under the influence of Eliot, Al-Sayyab makes use of the same literary device. This personification of the night in both poets shows the victory of darkness over light. In Eliot and Al-Sayyab poems darkness permeates. If we study Al-Siyab's poetry, we see that he personified the night like Eliot.
Conclusion
Eliot's intellectual and expressive effects on the poetry and thought of al-Sayyab are clear and obvious. In the field of intellectual effects, following Eliot, Al-Sayyab's poem took on the color and smell of philosophy, and like Eliot's poem, it expressed the despair and hopelessness of this Iraqi poet. Following Eliot, Al-Sayyab used the absence of water to describe despair and despair, and used water as a motif like Eliot. He paid attention to the Wasteland of Eliot and found it the best metaphor to describe his motherland, and in this way, by indirect expression, he seized the opportunity to criticize autocracy, hunger, thirst, pressure, and political suffocation in Iraq. In his poems, this Iraqi poet used the theme of an unreal city for Baghdad, where there is no trace of humanity, purity and innocence. Under Eliot's influence, Al-Sayyab paid attention to Eliot's objective correlative, according to which, the poet should refrain from direct expression of feelings. Therefore, Sayyab tried to avoid direct expression of feelings. In the field of expression and imagery effects, under the influence of Eliot, through the artistic use of the myth of Tammuz and Ishtar, Al-Sayyab attacked the causes of the Arab wasteland; just like Eliot, who criticized the causes of the Western wasteland after the First World War. Al-Sayyab, like Eliot, used myth and referred to the myth of the Sphinx, an Egyptian symbol, to depict the atmosphere of death. The use of myth of Tammuz and Ishtar allowed al-Sayyab to criticize the political tyranny and corruption associated with urban life in Iraq and, by implication, the Arab world. Al-Sayyab has been influenced by Eliot, but his poetry and thought are his own, and this influence does not in any way indicate his complete indebtedness to Eliot, and he has written poems that are unique in their own way using his taste and thought. Eliot's influence is just in these few poems out of the thousands of Al-Sayyab's poems that we examined, and his diwan is a product of Al-Sayyab's own imagination.
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