کارکرد جمله های استفهامی در شعر فروغ فرخزاد (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
یکی از پایه های اساسی علم معانی، بررسی چگونگی القای سخن به مخاطب است و هر نویسنده و شاعری سعی می کند از ابزار مختلف همچون امر، نهی و پرسش برای بیان مقصود بهره بگیرد. با توجه به اینکه هدف از پرسش در زبان خبر، طلب آگاهی است و ارائه پیام به طورمستقیم، چندان هنری و تأثیرگذار نیست؛ بنابراین مسلّم است که پرسش در ادبیات به ویژه شعر، در مفهوم اصلی خود به کار نرود و دارای اغراض ثانوی باشد. با توجه به اهمیت این موضوع، این پژوهش با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی، با هدف بررسی استفهام انکاری در آثار فروغ فرخزاد و در پی پاسخ دهی به این سؤال اساسی است که استفهام انکاری در شعر فروغ در کدام معانی ثانوی و با چه مفاهیمی مطرح شده که باعث دو معنایی یا چندمعنایی جملات شده است؟ به همین سبب، این پژوهش با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی در پی پاسخ دهی به این سؤال اصلی است که جملات پرسشی شعر فروغ چه معانی ثانوی دارد و در چه مفاهیم مختلفی به کار رفته است. یافته های پژوهش نشان می دهد که هشت معنای ثانوی برای استفهام انکاری در شعر فروغ فرخزاد وجود دارد و به این نتیجه دست یافتیم که بالاترین معنای ثانوی استفهام انکاری در معنای تعجب و کم بسامدترین آن در معنای پشیمانی بوده است که 9 مورد در معنای تعجب، 3 مورد در معنای حسرت، 2 مورد در معنای هشدار و تذکر، 4 مورد در معنای دردمندی، 2 مورد در معنای اندوه، 1 مورد در معنای پشیمانی، 2 مورد در معنای جرأت و 3 مورد هم در معنای تمنّاست.The function of interrogative sentences in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry
One of the basic foundations of the science of semantics is to examine how speech is induced to the audience, and every writer and poet tries to use different tools such as commands, prohibitions, and questions to express the intention. Due to the fact that the purpose of questioning in the language of news is to seek information and directly presenting the message is not very artistic and effective, therefore, it is certain that questioning in literature, especially poetry, is not used in its original sense and has secondary purposes. Due to the importance of this issue, this research with descriptive-analytical method, with the aim of investigating negative questioning in the works of Forough Farrokhzad and seeking to answer the basic question, what are the secondary meanings of negative questioning in Forough's poetry and with what concepts? Has it caused the sentences to be ambiguous or ambiguous? For this reason, this research with a descriptive-analytical method seeks to answer the main question, what are the secondary meanings of the interrogative sentences of Forough's poem and in what different concepts are they used. The findings of the research show that there are eight secondary meanings for negative interrogatives in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry, and we came to the conclusion that the highest secondary meaning of negative interrogatives was in the meaning of surprise and the least frequent was in the meaning of regret, and nine cases were in the meaning of surprise. 3 items mean regret, 2 items mean warning, 4 items mean pain, 2 items mean sadness, 1 item means regret, 2 items mean courage, and 3 items mean wish.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
One of the most basic and significant literary topics is the virtual function of sentences and their secondary meanings. With this device, the speaker communicates his intentions so that he can speak effectively and make the audience aware of the subtleties and artistic aspects of his speech. Examining the secondary meaning means that the speaker's goal is not to give an answer to his words; Rather, the purpose of the speaker is an artistic speech that will make the audience aware of the artistic aspects of the speaker.
In the knowledge of meanings, we are always faced with "sentence". Therefore, "sentence" is considered as the bed of poetic tricks and aesthetic applications in the science of meanings. What is presented in the sentence and has artistic value, makes the knowledge of meanings. The bed of poetic tricks and literary creations in expression and originality is the word, from which the sentence is made. The sentence, as the largest meaningful unit of the language in the field of semantics, is divided into two categories: "news" and "essay". Essay sentences have multiple types, each of which has a special rhetorical ability, and its use gives a certain breadth to the language. Essay sentences are a tool that helps the speaker to explain and understand his thoughts and convey his message by strengthening the audience's presence and expressing the speaker's feelings.
Questioning, which is one of the most common phenomena of composition, seeks knowledge of something that the person does not know, and assumes that the audience is aware (Seyd Aghaei, 2016: 28); But from what is raised in the knowledge of meanings, they say the question of art. The difference between a "verbal" question and a "literary" question is that a linguistic question must inevitably be answered; Because they ask, in order to know; Because the question of art always remains unanswered; Because they don't ask to know. The motivation of aestheticism inspires Sakhnoor, who uses it in the manner of literary behavior and "in a different way" in asking questions other than what is used in language (Kazazi, 2011: 206-205). Considering the change and transformation in poetry and the emergence of contemporary or semi-contemporary poetry, it can be said that the science of the meanings of contemporary poetry has a special place in comparison with classical poetry.
Due to the fact that the purpose of speech is to convey the content of the sentence to the audience; But sometimes it is possible that other purposes are followed in the sentence, which can be called secondary meanings of the sentence. In other words, each type of sentence has a main and common use that is mentioned in the grammar, for example, they ask a question with an interrogative sentence; But sometimes the intention is to express regret, which we call secondary purposes or virtual meanings of interrogative sentences.
Forough's poetry can be divided into two periods in terms of theme and thought. The first period, which resulted in three collections named Asayan, Divar and Asir, and the second period includes two collections "Another Birth" and "Let's Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season". What established Forough's position among his contemporaries and gave him a literary identity was mostly due to his two recent collections. In these two collections, Forough looks at the world and its surrounding issues with a new perspective. This is where the poet has achieved his personal style in his language, expression and thought (cf. Shafi'i Kodkani, 1390: 564).
Research Methodology
In this research, using the descriptive and analytical method, Forough's poems were carefully analyzed and examined, and the evidence related to negative interrogatives and its secondary meanings were extracted and finally analyzed.
Discussion
Rhetoric is one of the elements that influence the formation of poets' language. Speech delivery depends on the effect of speech on the recipient of the message. With the help of rhetorical instructions, it is possible to analyze and examine the extent and manner of communication between the speaker and the audience. Each language element contains a message that is transmitted to the addressee or addresses. From this point of view, the subject of "composition" in rhetoric and its subgroups such as "questioning" plays a very important role in messaging, and by accepting secondary meanings, it provides effective conditions for the audience.
Forough Farrokhzad is one of the poets whose questioning is expressed beautifully in his poetry. The hidden subtleties in Forough's words have a significant literary place. He has used secondary concepts in his poems in a special and tangible way and has mixed them very expressively and eloquently in the form of new poetry. From the study of Forough's poems, we can know that there are many non-demanding sentences, especially interrogative ones.
non-demanding sentences that express other meanings such as praise and blame, oath, desire, surprise, etc. (Tajleel 10:1385). In fact, what is important is the motivation of the poet, which, apart from knowing, motivates him to ask. For example, sometimes the artistic question is such that it shows the helplessness and necessity of the questioner in a task (Kazazi, 2011: 216(
- Oh, the glory of your despair will never/ from any side of this hated night/ tunnel towards the light? (Farrokhzad, 1383: 283(
Or how beautifully he expresses the concept of regret in this interrogative sentence:
- In that cold sucking mouth / do they not reach the point of intersection and end? / What did you give me, you cold and deceptive words (ibid., 293(
or brings the concept of surprise in the form of a question sentence to surprise the audience; Because "he wants to reveal his glory in this way" (Kazazi, 2011: 208(
- This is my heart and this burden of light? (Farrokhzad, 1383: 257(
In fact, like Nimai, breaking tradition, Forough wanted to express his words in a different way with these poetic tricks.
Conclusion
The high frequency of sentences with negative interrogatives in Forough's poems shows that the poet wants to use hidden secondary meanings in his poems, and these secondary meanings have made the poem have a concept beyond the apparent meanings. In fact, the poet has paid more attention to the interrogative sub-type than other types of essays (order, prohibition, call, wish) and the reason for paying attention to this type of interrogative is that interrogative is one of the most used types of interrogative in any language, and in addition to its main meaning, it is used in many secondary meanings. We should also point out what secondary concepts the negative interrogative refers to in Forough's poems. It should be said: Forough has used the secondary meaning of the negative interrogative in the meaning (surprise, longing, painfulness, guidance, remembrance and desire).
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