هستی شناسی واجد شیرازی با تأکید بر سه مفهوم مرگ اندیشی، تقدیرگرایی و پوچ گرایی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هستی شناسی، اصطلاحی است که برای شناخت وجود از آن استفاده می کنند. این مفهوم که یکی از مباحث مهم فلسفی است، به شعر نیز راه یافته است؛ چراکه شعر همواره بستری مناسب و مستعد برای فهم آسان تر مسائل فلسفی بوده است. شعر والاترین هنری است که می تواند بیانگر نوع نگاه و جهان بینی شاعران نسبت به زندگی و مسائل مطرح شده در آن باشد؛ به همین دلیل برای کشف افق هستی شناسانه هر شاعر باید به شعر او رجوع کرد. در این مطالعه با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی در پی پاسخ به این سؤال اساسی هستیم که مفاهیمی مانند «مرگ اندیشی»، «تقدیرگرایی» و «پوچ گرایی» در آسمان اندیشه و هستی شناسی واجد شیرازی، شاعر قرن چهارده خورشیدی چه بازتابی دارند. براساس یافته های پژوهش حاضر می توان چنین ادعا کرد که واجد، شاعری مرگ اندیش است و مرگ اندیشی را به مخاطبان خود توصیه می کند. او نگاه متناقضی نسبت به مرگ دارد و مرگ را از دو وجهِ خوشایند و ناخوشایند آن مورد توجه قرار داده است. همچنین بر اساس یافته های حاضر، واجد شاعری تقدیرگراست که با وجود اشاره های اندکی که به قدرت اختیار و اراده بشر داشته است، چیرگی و تسلط تفکر جبرگرا در کل اشعارش نمایان است. به دلیل اندیشه های توحیدی و دین گرایانه، واجد نمی تواند به صورت کامل در زمره پوچ گرایان قرار بگیرد؛ اما وجود عواملی چون ناشناختگی راز هستی و شک و تردیدهای فلسفی و دینی، او را به اندیشه های پوچ گرایانه نزدیک کرده است.Vajid Shirazi's ontology with emphasis on the three concepts of death, fatalism and nihilism
Ontology is a term they use to understand existence. This concept, which is one of the important philosophical topics, has also found its way into poetry, because poetry has always been a suitable platform for easier understanding of philosophical issues. Poetry is the highest art that can express the type of view and world view of poets towards life and the issues raised in it; For this reason, to discover the ontological horizon of each poet, one should refer to his poetry. In this study, with descriptive-analytical method, we are looking for the answer to this basic question, what are the reflections of concepts such as "death thinking", "predestination" and "absurdism" in the sky of thought and ontology of Vajid Shirazi, a poet of the 14th century? Based on the findings of the present research, it can be claimed that Wajid is a death-minded poet and recommends death-thinking to his audience. He has a contradictory view of death and has considered death from both its pleasant and unpleasant aspects. Also, based on the current findings, Wajid is a determinist poet who, despite the few references he made to the power of human will, the dominance of deterministic thinking is evident in all of his poems. Due to his monotheistic and religious ideas, Wajid cannot be fully classified among nihilists, but the existence of factors such as ignorance of the secret of existence and philosophical and religious doubts have brought him closer to nihilistic ideas.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The term ontology, which means the knowledge of existence, is a concept that has recently been introduced in Western culture, and in the past, it did not exist independently, but was discussed in conjunction with other issues. This term has not been mentioned in the Dehkhoda culture in a literal form, perhaps because the knowledge of existence is taken for granted in our culture; But in Western culture, it has had a very special place due to the skepticism that dominates the mind and thought of Western man and its intensification, especially after Hume's time (Fedai, 2015: p. 43). Ontology is the most important branch of philosophy and since philosophy has been recognized as the foundation of every science since ancient times and has been connected with various branches such as politics, ethics, art and literature, the presence of philosophical issues in literature can be Well justified. Philosophical thoughts, including the topic of ontology, have found their way into literature, so that by meditating on a poet's poetry, one can understand the fundamentals of his thoughts. The poet is present in the world, and to know him, one should pay attention to his dealings with the world and his dominant poetic themes. "The poet tries to present the gem of poetry in his poems; The gem of poetry is the relationship between language and existence." (Ahmadi, 2003: p. 75) Therefore, in order to recover the horizon of existence of each poet, his poetry must be analyzed.
The issue of the upcoming research is to achieve the ontology of the poetry of Wajid Shirazi, a contemporary poet of Iran, and to answer these questions. 1- What are the foundations of the ontology of Wajid's poetry? Was Wajid reflected? 4- What factors caused the crisis of meaning in Wajid's poetry and his tendency towards absurdism?
Research Methodology
The working method in this research is the descriptive-analytical method of text content using library documents; In this way, in the first place, in parallel with the subject under investigation, the desired poems were extracted from Divan Wajid, and then to complete the desired information, he referred to the secondary books related to the subject and took necessary notes. After that, according to the title of the research and the desired questions, the poems and notes have been classified and used in the analysis and description of the contents.
Discussion
The ontological foundations of Vajid Shirazi's poetry
Thinking of death: Thinking about existence and thinking about it can have different aspects, one of the most common of which is thinking about death. The death thought of man and how every person thinks about death can be the main factor in the formation of his thought and worldview towards the philosophy of life. In the view of Wajid Shirazi, due to its unknownness and ambiguity, death is a completely contradictory and paradoxical phenomenon that looks very good from one perspective and angle, and is a completely natural and even pleasant phenomenon, and from another point of view, it seems very negative and terrifying. arrives.
Positive aspects of death: Wajid Shirazi always prescribes it as a bitter but healing medicine to his audience due to the positive and influential features that thinking about death can have on a person's psyche and asks them to see the cemeteries and taste the sorrow of the death of their loved ones. Do not ignore the taste and effect of this medicine to achieve the positive effect of this bitter medicine
Negative aspects of death: Vajid Shirazi sometimes thinks about death by emphasizing that the secrets of this world are unknown and undiscoverable and that death is one of the most mysterious issues that man faces without properly discovering its truth, and from this point of view death sees it as an unpleasant reality that the optimistic beliefs of religion and mysticism cannot cover its ugly face and reduce the sadness of its occurrence.
Fatalism: Wajid's following, devotion and loyalty to the poetic tradition of the past and his commitment and adherence to a religious thinking that due to the dominance of the Ash'ari school, divine destiny and submission to it was considered a kind of moral value and virtue, and he made it a way He knew for God's pleasure and divine closeness, which has caused the prominence of the concept of destiny in his mind and poetic language.
Manifestations of fatalism in Wajid's poetry can be examined in these three areas:
Belief in divine judgment and submission to it: Wajid looks at all the events of life in a providential way and believes that if we have the right perspective, we can see God's destiny and providence in all phenomena. He considers the only permission for the actions and reactions of this world to be the will of God, and he considers the desire of man to create a self-willed destiny through prayer or cursing to be completely fruitless.
Opportunism: Another manifestation of fatalism is the belief in the concept of luck. The use of the word fortune along with the attributes and attributes that are used to express it more clearly in Wajid's court indicates the importance of this concept and its extensive use in Wajid's thought and language.
Complaining about the times: Slandering and complaining about the times is another manifestation of fatalism and putting the burden of human sorrow on the shoulders of others, which has always been the cause of human peace and intellectual consolation. One of the recurring themes of Persian literature is the reflection of this belief in Persian poetry and recounting the negative traits of the times and complaining and warning about it, which has also found its way into the poetic language of Wajid Shirazi. Wajid has addressed and questioned the concept of time with different names.
Absurd thinking: The question about the meaning of life has been one of the most necessary questions in all times and the answer that humans have reached in response to their curiosity has been different. Vajid's nihilism is more influenced by Khayami's thoughts, who believed: "The world is nothing and the work of the world is nothing" and his philosophical astonishment against the silence of existence is more influenced by Hafez's thoughts, which always make the discovery of the secret of existence and the future of the world unsolvable. He knew and believed in "the inextricability of the mystery of existence"; Based on this, Wajid's no-view is not the kind of meaningless concerns of contemporary intellectuals such as Hedayat, but it is a philosophical challenge that is the legacy of the poetic tradition of Wajid's past. The reasons that each person reaches a crisis of meaning and nihilism can be different; These reasons are based on the research text of Wajid's poems as follows:
The mystery of knowing the secret of existence: Wajid cannot come to a justified answer regarding death and what it is, and he considers man to be trapped in a life that fate has imposed on him from all directions, so he cannot reach a conclusion other than the unanswerability of the world and the emptiness of life. The incomprehensibility of existence and the ambiguity of the world are considered as a secret in Wajid's poetry.
Philosophical doubt about the issues of life and uncertainty: Wajid always prefers his logical arguments and objective observations over mental concepts and inner intuitions, for this reason he is skeptical and disbelieving about all issues. Skepticism is a methodological skepticism that occurs in certain areas and not for all issues. According to him, there are insoluble concepts in the universe for which a clear answer has not yet been found. Mainly in the three domains of ethics, religion and the future, it is not possible to obtain certainty and knowledge, and the most mental questions and doubts are also in the two domains of religion and the future. Humans are raised after death. His doubtful concepts are: 1) Spirit, 2) Resurrection, 3) Creation, the result of mercy and justice, 4) Depreciating human status, 5) The meaninglessness of life's sufferings
Conclusion
Wajid always calls his poetic audience to think about death; This call was both a reminder of one's personal death and a lesson learned from the death of others. Wajid has a contradictory view of death, which is a reflection of the combination of his religious thoughts and philosophical doubts. Determinism is another prominent thought that has been expressed in Wajid's poems. Due to his religious teachings, Wajid looks at all phenomena in a providential way. According to him, all the interactions in this world are done by God's will and providence, and man has no choice but to submit and be satisfied. Divine Providence, whose other name has the same fate in the poems, is present in all the important events of life, and man's prayers and curses and efforts to achieve his desires are futile and fruitless. Vajid's fatalism is manifested in three aspects: belief in destiny, fate, and complaining about the times. The third prominent concept in the poem is nihilism and no thought, which does not justify his complete attribution to the nihilists due to his monotheistic and religious thoughts, but due to his philosophical doubts and disbelief in some religious foundations, he is close to the nihilists' thought. Several factors have caused him to think absurdly: 1- knowing the mystery of existence, 2- skepticism and uncertainty, 3- underestimating the position of man: he considers it an extravagant claim that man is the best of creatures. According to him, man has neither a special existential value in the world nor the ability to acquire special moral and acquired values. In such a view that man does not have a different and superior position from animals, therefore he cannot have a divine and super-animal destiny. can find a clear answer for its sufferings; Therefore, he does not find any cosmic meaning for life and seeks his peace and liberation in death and nothingness.
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