تحلیل آمیختگی های مفهومی در مجموعه شعر «ایمان بیاوریم به آغاز فصل سردِ» فروغ فرخزاد (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
زندگی انسان با استعاره ها در هم تنیده شده است و زبان نحوه فهم ما از جهان به واسطه استعاره ها را انعکاس می دهد. یکی از مهم ترین و تازه ترین نظریه ها در حوزه استعاره پردازی، نظریه آمیختگی مفهومی است که توسط فوکونیه و ترنر(1998، 2002) ارائه گردید و بر اساس آن، نقش زبان در ساخت خلاقانه معنا به ویژه استعاره های جدید مورد توجه خاص قرار گرفت. در این نظریه، حوزه های مفهومی مبدأ و مقصد استعاره در قالب فضاهای ذهنی مطرح شده اند که به صورت فضاهای درون دادی قلمداد می شوند و به نوبه خود، از حوزه های شناختی جداگانه ای بوجودآمده اند. هدف پژوهش حاضر تحلیل استعاره های مجموعه شعر «ایمان بیاوریم به آغاز فصل سرد» اثر فروغ فرخزاد بر اساس نظریه آمیختگی مفهومی است. در حقیقت، در این پژوهش، نگارندگان به دنبال یافتن استعاره های پر تکرار این مجموعه و یافتن پیوند معنایی میان آن ها هستند. در این راستا، انواع استعاره های موجود در این مجموعه، شناسایی و بر اساس روش تحلیل محتوا، از این منظر، توصیف و تحلیل شده اند. بررسی و تحلیل این اشعار نشان می دهد که تمام استعاره های این مجموعه، حول چهار حوزه مفهومیِ شیء، انسان، موجودات زنده و مکان پدید آمده اند و از نظر انتزاعی یا عینی بودن حوزه های مبدأ و مقصد نیز به دو دسته ی «انتزاعی- عینی» و «عینی- عینی» تقسیم می شوند. فروغ در این مجموعه، با زبانی پخته، و با بهره گیری از استعاره ها که بیشترین تکرار آن متعلق به «استعاره زمان» است، به شکلی ضمنی بر سرگردانی و تباهی انسان معاصر در گردونه زمان تأکید می ورزد.The Analysis of Conceptual Blends in Forough Farrokhzad's Collection of Poems "Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season
Human life is entwined with metaphors, and language reflects how we understand the world through metaphors. One of the most important and recent theories in the field of metaphor constructing is the theory of conceptual blending, presented by Fauconnier and Turner (1998, 2002) based on which the role of language in the creative construction of meaning, especially new metaphors, received special attention. In this theory, the conceptual domains of source and target of metaphor are presented in the form of mental spaces that are considered as input spaces and, in turn, are created from separate cognitive domains. Nevertheless, these spaces are interconnected through a relative agreement or mapping of similarities in the generic space, and the “blended space” results from the creative combination of the common constructions between the inputs. The aim of the present study is to analyze the metaphors of the poetry collection "Let's believe in the beginning of the cold season" by Forough Farrokhzad based on the conceptual blending theory. In fact, in this research, the authors seek to find the frequently repeated metaphors of this collection and find the semantic connection between them. In this regard, the types of metaphors in this collection have been identified, described and analyzed from this perspective based on the content analysis method. The investigation and analysis of the poems show that all the metaphors of this collection have emerged around the four conceptual domains of object, human, living things and place, and the domains of source and goal are divided into two categories: "abstract-objective" and "objective-objective" in terms of abstractness or objectivity. In fact, in this collection, Forough, with her mature language and the use of metaphors, most of which belong to the "metaphor of time", implicitly emphasizes on the confusion and destruction of contemporary man in the course of time.Extended abstract 1-Introduction Language, in fact, reflects how we perceive and experience the world through metaphor (Kraft and Cruz, 2004). From the traditional point of view, metaphor is considered as one of the literary arrays in the form of the role of creating beauty in language (Homaei, 2016). Lekoff and Johnson (1980) in the science of linguistics in the field of cognitive linguistics, by presenting the theory of conceptual metaphor, while challenging the monopoly of metaphor in its literary use, for the first time expanded the realm of the appearance and use of metaphor in everyday language.According to this view, metaphor includes two conceptual domains of source and target, which are perceived through the mapping between these two domains. Considering the one-way, linear and static view of metaphor in this view, the theory of conceptual blending was proposed as one of the most recent theories by Fauconnier and Turner (1994).Although Fauconier and Turner included the conceptual areas of source and target in the perspective of conceptual metaphor in their theory as mental domains or spaces, they claim that these domains are not independent and as a subset of the subject, they are more widely related to how the conceptual system interacts with input fields or spaces. In other words, in the conceptual blending theory, not only the relationship between conceptual domains is addressed as input mental spaces, but how to create new and creative domains of thought and language through the mapping between them is also of particular interest. Accordingly, in the theory of conceptual blending, in addition to the two given mental spaces, two other mental spaces including a generic space and a blended space have been proposed.The generic space includes common components or structures between the mental space input 1 and the mental space input 2. The input spaces are not the source and target domains, but they also include them.While in the blended space, an emerging, new, creative, different blend, and beyond the corresponding components or characteristics of mental input spaces, is created. In fact, it is the creative and dynamic view of metaphor that reflects the creativity of thought and language as well as human imagination. In this theory, mental spaces, in turn, are considered as small conceptual packages that are promptly formed and structured in the mind when thinking or speaking (Fauconier and Turner 1998).Forough Farrokhzad is one of the prominent figures of contemporary Persian poetry, who in five collections of poems named "Captive", "Wall", "Rebellion", "Another Birthday" and "Let's believe in the beginning of the cold season", she has brought her emotional, social and political developments to the arena of emergence through the language of poetry. The movement of Forough's poetry from the poet's personal self-concerns to the growth and evolution of her social self is one of the most important developments that draws the attention of the knowledgeable audience in the review of her poetic life. The collection of poems "Let us believe in the beginning of the cold season" is her last work that we can describe and analyze the types of metaphors used in it based on the fundamentals and theoretical concepts proposed in the theory of conceptual blending (Fauconier and Turner, 1998, 2002) as well as explain the poet's creative language in using metaphors.In this regard, this book of poetry can be examined in terms of the frequency of conceptual blends, the most used conceptual domains and their division from the point of view of being abstract or concrete, and it can also be shown that the poet is more interested in developing which conceptual domains and mental spaces. 2- Research method This research has been done using the descriptive-analytical method. After explaining the basics of the theory of conceptual blending, the metaphors of the poetry collection "Let's believe in the beginning of the cold season" have been extracted, then by examining the source and target domains, attention has been paid to their results in the generic space and the blended space. After this step, a look at the general results of the blended spaces shows that Forough Farrokhzad has paid more attention to the concreteness of abstract concepts in this work, in order to bring the audience to a more concrete understanding of these concepts. 3-Discussion Human life is entwined with metaphors, and language reflects how we perceive the world through metaphors. One of the most important and recent theories in the field of metaphor constructing is the theory of conceptual blending, presented by Fauconier and Turner (1998, 2002) in which the role of language in the creative construction of meaning, especially new metaphors, received special attention. In this theory, the conceptual domains of source and target of metaphor are presented in the form of mental spaces which are considered as input spaces and, in turn, are created from separate cognitive domains. Nevertheless, these spaces are interconnected through a relative agreement or mapping of similarities in the generic space, and the “blended space” which results from the creative combination of the common constructions between the inputs. The aim of the present study is to analyze the metaphors of the poetry collection "Let's believe in the beginning of the cold season" by Forough Farrokhzad based on the conceptual blending theory.The aim of the present study is to analyze the metaphors of the poetry collection "Let's believe in the beginning of the cold season" by Forough Farrokhzad based on the conceptual blending theory.In this regard, the types of metaphors in this collection have been identified, described and analyzed from this perspective. The investigation and analysis of these poems show that all the metaphors of this collection have emerged around the four conceptual domains of object, human, living things and place, and the domains of source and target are divided into two categories: "abstract-concrete" and "concrete". - concrete in terms of abstractness or concreteness. In fact, in this collection, Forough, with her mature language and by using metaphors, the most frequent of which is the "metaphor of time", implicitly emphasizes on the wandering and destruction of contemporary man in the helm of time. 4-Conclusion Cognitive linguistics, especially the theory of conceptual blending, which is a new branch of this science, has a new look at metaphor and its role in literature as well as the daily life of contemporary man. By proposing this issue, Fauconier and Turner believe that metaphors in a four-step process can lead to new meanings that cannot be traced in the conceptual domains of the source and target of that metaphor. Forough Farrokhzad in her collection of poems "Let us believe in the beginning of the cold season" has used many metaphorical combinations to induce the concepts she is considering, the most frequent of which is dedicated to the metaphor of time, that she has often used to make it concrete and tangible, and has placed the concept of "place or "object" on the other side of the metaphor. It seems that Forough's excessive emphasis on the metaphor of time is a general view of the dominant thought in her works; the thought and view that consider contemporary man to be wandering, futile and decaying; a thing that will seem more vivid and believable to the audience with the image of a person wandering in the wheel of time. 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