بررسی تقابل های دوگانه مکان وکارکردهای معنایی آن در شعر ناجی علّوش (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هنرسازه که تحت تأثیر تأملات روانشناسانه است، به منظور بیان مقاصد و احساساتشان مدد می جویند. ناجی علّوش شاعر غربت نشین فلسطینی با به کارگیری ساختار تقابل گونه مکانی توانست شبکه ای از معانی و مفاهیم مورد نظر خویش را به مخاطب القا کند و در پَس همه این جفت واژگان مکانی دغدغه های روانی، سیاسی و اجتماعی اش نهفته است که گویای عواطف و عقاید اوست. از این رو، پژوهش حاضر می کوشد با استفاده از شیوه توصیفی–تحلیلی به بررسی برجسته ترین مکان های تقابلی در شعر این شاعر معاصر بپردازد تا بتواند به درک درستی از رابطه معنایی میان دو مفهوم متضاد مکانی که نقش بارزی در زیبایی و انسجام متن دارند، دست یابد. یافته های پژوهش بیانگر این است که دوگانه های مکانی نقش مهمی در انتقال احساسات درونی شاعر نسبت به دو مکان متفاوت و تبادل اندیشه و تفکرش داشته است. مهم ترین مکانی های تقابلی به کاررفته عبارتند از: تقابل ارتباط با جدایی، تقابل مکان عربی با مکان غربی-استعماری، تقابل وطن با تبعید و حسّ غربت، تقابل اینجا با آنجا. و این تقابل های دوگانه به ذهن خواننده مفهوم هویت، استعمارستیزی، دغدغه مند بودن شاعر نسبت به وطن خویش و وطن عربی، تبیین احساس درونی اش از اغتراب مکانی را تداعی می کند.A study of binary opposition of place and its semantic functions in Naji Allosh's poetry
binary opposition of place is a type of critical analysis that examines the differences between pairs of spatial words that contribute to the beauty of the text with their semantic functions. Since the presence of place is one of the most prominent features of Palestinian poetry Therefore, sometimes poets seek help from it in order to express their intentions and talk about their pleasant and unpleasant feelings. Naji Alloush, a contemporary Palestinian poet, was able to instill a network of his desired meanings and concepts into the audience by using the contrasting spatial structure and behind all these words, there is a place for his psychological, political and social concerns, which is indicative of his emotions and opinions. This research tries to investigate the most prominent contrasting places in this contemporary poet's poetry by using the descriptive-analytical method in order to achieve a correct understanding of the semantic relationship between two contrasting spatial concepts. The findings of the research show that spatial duals played an important role in conveying the poet's inner feelings towards two different places and expressing his thoughts. The most important dualities used are: connection and its contrast with separation, Homeland and its confrontation with exile, Here and its contrast with there. These duals express the concept of identity, anti-colonialism, the poet's concern for his homeland and the Arab homeland, and the sadness of a place of alienation.extended abstract1.Introduction Place is one of the influential elements in contemporary Palestinian poetry. Palestinian poet who touched the suffering of land occupation, war, displacement, In his poetry, the places he lived in and the memories he had of them in his mind; Of beauties, joys, sorrows; It merges with his imagination and portrays it in front of the reader's eyes And in this way, his interest in the place or his hatred towards it is revealed. Naji Alloush is a contemporary Palestinian poet, fighter and thinker who has written many works about Palestine and the Arab homeland and spent his life in the path of Arab and Palestinian ideals. Therefore, the main concern of this poet and writer was the importance of place. Reflecting on the places mentioned in his poems can lead us to the existence of differences between two homogeneous and congruent places. The differences that originate from the poet's psychological and ideological reflections and include his positive and negative feelings towards two places. Therefore, the poet has sometimes benefited from the art structure of contrast in expressing the place, which recognition plays a significant role in the interpretation of the text and the understanding of the meaning and understanding of his thought Considering that in spatial studies, the critical method of double contrast can help to clarify the places of the poet's poetry and explain his point of view towards the places and draw the way he interacts with them, so the main question of the research is that the most important spatial contrasts used in What is Naji Alloush's poem and what meanings and concepts does it express? Research methodology In this research, with the descriptive and analytical method, the Divan of the poet was carefully analyzed and examined, and the evidence related to the place and the confrontations of the place, which has a psychological and political aspect, were extracted and finally analyzed and described. 3.Discusstion "Binary opposition" refers to the pairing of the principles of existence and believes that the universe is based on the law of opposition and duality, such as night/day, earth/sky, man/woman. "Binary opposition" refers to the pairing of the principles of existence and believes that the universe is based on the law of opposition and duality, such as night/day, earth/sky, man/woman. Spatial contrasts are one of the types of contrasts in the universe. Gaston Bachelard was the first to examine the location in its dual form And he spoke about the duality of home/homelessness or familiar and unfamiliar places, and in this contrast, he called "home" the first place, which is full of humanity, love and warmth (Bashlar, 1987: 24). There are different types of spatial contrasts, such as: open and closed place, limited and unlimited place, place of connection and separation, place inside and outside, homeland and exile, eastern and western place, infinitely large and infinitely small place. The real and imaginary place (dream) that were expressed by the critics of these dualities. The duality (contrast) of place is a technique that has proven its importance in understanding the meaning of literary works that deal with place, and it is considered the main tool for revealing the relationships governing places and its elements. (Hafez, 1984: 169). Naji Alloush is a contemporary Palestinian poet whose poetry shows the importance of place. He tries to show a real picture of the facts of his life, the Arab world and the issues that happened in it by using the dual contrasts of a place in his poems and talk about his feelings towards different places that have played an effective role in the emergence of inner states and the formation of his beliefs and thoughts. Among the most important types of dual contrasts in his poetry, we can mention the contrast of connection with separation, the contrast of the Arab place with the Western-colonial place, the contrast of homeland and exile, the contrast of here and there. Contrasts such as "connection and separation", "homeland and exile", "here and there" show the poet's attention to his past and present place and express his inner sadness regarding separation from the land, home and family and displacement.4.Conclusion Place plays a central role in Alloush's poetry. The alienation of the place, the turmoil of the political situation in Palestine and Arab lands involved in the war are considered important factors of the poet's attention in using the element of place in his poems. Today, one of the ways of studying place is the "contrast or duality of place" method, which explores the governing relationships between places and expresses their differences. These spatial dualities have contributed to the integration and aesthetic shaping of poems and the creation of concrete and believable images, and have become a factor in influencing words and conveying themes and concepts in the mind. the most important types of dual contrasts in his poetry, we can mention the contrast of connection with separation, the contrast of the Arab place with the Western-colonial place, the contrast of homeland and exile, the contrast of here.The opposition of connection and separation points to the poet's attachment to his village Birzit and his childhood home. For him, these two places are warm, intimate, safe and full of happiness and peace. In front of the place of connection, there is a place of separation, and this place reminds of alienation, coldness and separation and the poet always points to the place of connection with sadness and longing in the place of separation.In the duality of Arab and Western-colonial places, we see the poet's view of two places in terms of economics, culture, and psycho-politics. In this comparison, he explains the negative effects of western places on Arab places.The duality of homeland and exile expresses two positive and negative feelings of the poet. In his opinion, homeland is summed up in a certain geographical place, namely Palestine and his birthplace. Although he lived in an Arab homeland, he felt exiled and homeless, and this shows his sense of belonging to his homeland. In this duality, sadness, anger and hatred are intertwined.The duality of here and there: here represents the land of sojourn and exile and there represents his homeland and birthplace. In some of Alloush's poems, we see this duality of place, which is mixed with the love of the homeland and the sadness of exile. These dialectics express the concept of identity, anti-colonialism, the poet's concern for his homeland and the Arab homeland, and the sadness of a place of alienation. And in this way, the poet was able to make the atmosphere of his poem thinkable for the reader.5.ReferencesAbu-Deeb,K. (1981). <em>The dialectic of concealment and manifestation</em>, Beirut: Dar elm lel malaien.. Aghagh, Gh.(2001). <em>The significance of the city in contemporary poetic discourse</em>, Damascus: Publications of the Arab Writers Union.Allosh, N. 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