بررسی بینامتنیت منظومه ویس و رامین و داستان سمک عیار (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
یکی از وجوه اهمیت منظومه غنایی ویس و رامین، زنده کردن فرهنگ ایران باستان است، امری که در داستان سمک عیار – قصه ای ایرانی که در دوره سلجوقیان نگاشته شد - نیز مشهود است. نوع حکومت داری، آئین نوش خواری، جنگیدن، سوگند خوردن، تفریح و شکار بزرگان و... در این دو اثر کاملاً مطابق با فرهنگ ایران قبل از اسلام است. در خلال داستان سمک، ابیاتی از ویس و رامین تضمین شده که نشان می دهد این منظومه، مطمح نظر نویسنده سمک بوده است لیکن معمولاً سمک عیار را اثری حماسی قلمداد می کنند و به همین علت، تاکنون بینامتنیت این داستان با هیچ اثر غنایی دیگری بررسی نشده است. باتوجه به منظوم بودن ویس و رامین و منثور بودن سمک عیار، غنایی بودن یکی و حماسی قلمداد شدن دیگری، در این مقاله به روش توصیفی و تحلیل محتوا به این پرسش پاسخ داده شده است که آیا می توان نشانه های بینامتنیت را در این دو اثر ردیابی کرد؟ نگارندگان ضمن بررسی هر دو اثر، هفت مؤلفه مهم را از منظر بینامتنیت بررسی کرده که عبارتند از: منشأ عامیانه، اشاره مشترک به نام خورشید شاه، نقش منفی دایه، نامه نگاری، نقش آفرینی زنان، نقش ویژه موسیقی و خنیاگری و نوع سوگندها.An Intertextual Analysis of Veis and Ramin and the Story of Samak-e- Ayyar
One of the main aspects of Veis and Ramin poem is its attempt at reviving ancient Iranian culture, what we can also observe in the story of Samak-e- Ayar an Iranian story written in the time of Seljuk Empire. The two works borrow certain cultural elements such as the type of governing, drinking custom, war, swearing, entertainment, hunting, among others from the pre-Islamic era. There are some mentions of Veis and Ramin in the story of Samak Ayyar which shows that the author was aware of this former work. However, Samak-e- Ayyar is considered an epic work and thus far, no intertextual analysis of these two works has been done. As Veis and Ramin is written in poetry, and Samak-e-Ayar in prose, the former lyrical and the latter epic, this study aims to provide an intertextual reading of the two works. The findings suggest seven intertextual elements: the folkloric origin, common reference to sun-king, the negative role of nurse maid, letter writing, role playing of women, the role of music and different types of swears.Extended 1.IntroductionVeis and Ramin, written by Fakhr al-Din Asa'd Gorgani, is a renown work in the ancient culture of Iran which has influenced so many other literary works. Samak Ayar, on the other hand, is a folkloric story which has been part of the oral literature. This work is about a sun-king character, a prince from Halab, whose name is mentioned in Veis and Ramin before Samak Ayar. This study aims to focus on an intertexual reading of Samak Ayar and Veis and Ramin as both have been written in the pre-Islamic era. The cultural aspects and the lyrical features of these two works have not been much investigated thus far. The story of Samak Ayar has always been considered as an epic work which has not been studied through an intertextual perspective. However, this study aims to do that considering Veis and Ramin as a lyrical work. The study seeks to find the common elements in both works and in doing so, focuses on the lyrical aspect of Samak Ayar.After a short introduction on both works, the study will discuss the sun-king character, the negative role of nurse maid, letter writing, role playing of women, the role of music, and different types of swears.2-Research methodologyThis study has been done through library study and qualitative content analysis. First, a review of Veis and Ramin and Samak Ayar is done, followed by categorizing the common elements considering the intertextual perspective.3-DiscussionThe intertextual analysis of Veis and Ramin, and Samak AyarThe folkloric originVeis and Ramin is taken from the folklore literature. Samak Ayar is also borrowed from the Iranian culture. Considering the Iranian names, governing customs, drinking, swearing, entertainment, and hunting depicted in both works, these stories have been written in Seljuk Empire.The sun-king characterThe main character of Samak Ayar is the sun-king, the son of Halab's king. In Veis and Ramin, Mehrdad the second who introduces himself as the king of the kings, is known as the sun. Mehrdad the second attacks the eastern Asia and Rome. This is in parallel with the triumph of sun-king over Arman King in Samak Ayar.3.1.3. The negative role of nurse maidThe character of the nurse maid has changed a lot in Persian literature. Although it has a positive image in general, this has changed into a negative one in Veis and Ramin and Samak Ayar, projecting it as magical and deceiving character. In Veis and Ramin, the nurse maid attaches the priest's manhood to Veis to start up Veis and Ramin's relationship.3.1.4. Letter writingIn both works, one can observe a long series of letter writing.3.1.5. The role playing of womenUnlike many other works written in the same period, in these two works, women play an active agent role. 3.1.6. The role of musicMusic plays a key role in Veis and Ramin. Ramin's playing harp makes Veis fall in love with him. This can also be seen in sun-king's ability in playing music which makes Mahpari fall in love with him too.3.1.7. SwearsIn these two works, swearing is done as it was customary in the pre-Islamic era. There are many examples such as swearing to God, agent of justice, celestial bodies, cultural representations, moral values like friendship and kindness, among others. Swearing was commonly done for vital events, committing to which was seriously valued. ConclusionThere are many commonalities between Veis and Ramin, and Samak-e- Ayar. This study aimed to reveal some through an intertextual perspective. These works were written in Islamic era and within governmental limitations, but are rooted in ancient Iranian culture. They both have folkloric origin. They have been narrated for years orally until they were written down. Veis and Ramin was considered by the author of Samak Ayar as a model. The sun-king was mentioned in Veis and Ramin before Samak Ayar. Both have a letter writing narration type. Women have a different role in comparison with the Islamic era. The nurse maid has a negative but effective role. Music has a more significant role in comparison with the post-Islamic era. Swears are similar to the ones observed in Shahnameh and other ancient Iranian works.There are other intertextual aspects which could not be discussed in this study. For example, the role of magic is particularly evident in both works. In Veis and Ramin, the nurse maid fools the priest to attach his manhood to Veis. In Samak Ayar, the nurse maid does magic and stops Mahpari from marriage. Fate, governing, war with Rome, among others are some intertextual issues that could be studied as well. Veis and Ramin is written in poetry, while Samak Ayar is in prose. The former is lyric, while the latter is epic. This study takes a meta-textual perspective in order to put forth an intertextual analysis. It has focused on Samak-e- Ayyar and its lyrical aspect more. referencesAllen, G. (2015). Intertextuality. Tehran: Markaz.Ameli, N. (1953). “Comparison of veis and Ramin Fakhreddin Gorgani and Khosrow and Shirin Nizami”. Tehran: Culture letter magazine. year 2. pp 189-192.Arrajani, F. Ibn. Kh. (1983). Samak Ayyar. with the introduction and correction of Parviz Natel Khanlari. volume 1. edition 5. Tehran: Agah.Arrajani, F. Ibn. Kh. (1984). Samak Ayyar. with the introduction and correction of Parviz Natel Khanlari. volume 2. edition 3, Tehran: Agah.Arrajani, F. Ibn. Kh. (1984). Samak-e- Ayyar, with the introduction and correction of Parviz Natel Khanlari. volume 3. edition 2. Tehran: Agah.Eslami Nadushan, M. A. Jam Jahanbin in the field of literary criticism and comparative literature. 6th edition. Tehran: Jami.Gorgani, Fakhruddin As`ad. (1970) veis and Ramin. edited by Magali Todova and Alexander Guakharia. Tehran: Iran Culture Foundation.Ghanbari, A. Gholamhosseinzadeh, Gh. 2014. “Looking at the intertextual relations of epic and Ayari texts (based on Shahnameh and Samak Ayar)”. Tehran: Journal of literary research. No 50. pp 122-83.Gumperz, j. (1982). discourse strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge university press.Hasanabadi, M. (2016). “Samak Ayyar, legend or epic? (Comparison of the cognitive structure of Samak Ayyar with Ferdowsi's Shahnameh)”. Mashhad: Journal of Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences. No 158, pp 37-56.Hasani, H. (1977). “Swearing and swearing”. Tehran: Journal of Social Sciences. No 7. pp 33-39.Hinels, J. (1995). Understanding the Mythology of Iran. translated by Jale Amouzgar and Ahmad Tafazoli, 4th edition. Tehran: Cheshme.Islami Nadushan, M. A.(1985). Jam-e- Jahanbin. Tehran: Jami. Khaleghi Mutlaq, J. (1990). “Bijan and Manijeh and veis and Ramin (an introduction to Parthian and Sassanid literature)”. Tehran: Iranian Studies Magazine. No 6. pp 273-298.Mahjoub, M. J. (2016).Iran's folk literature. edited by Hassan Zulfiqari. 3rd edition. Tehran: Cheshmeh.Mahdizadeh, M. (2018).”The History of monsaat in Persian Literature”. Tehran: Keihan Farhangi. No 154. pp 64-67.Mohammad Kashi, S. and her colleagues. (2014). “Analysis and comparison of archetypal love stories in Iran (Samak Ayyar) and France (Tristan and Isolt)”. Tehran: Comparative Literature Research Journal. No 2. Pp. 183-207.Mohammadi, H.(2010). “Role of nannies in Iranian love stories”. Tehran: Keihan Farhangi magazine, No 181. pp 62-64.Natel Khanlari, P.(1985). Samak city. Tehran: Agah.Obhangi, Sh.(2018). “A comparative study of Veis and Ramin and Laili and Majnoon poems”. Shiraz: Studies in Literature, Mysticism and Philosophy, p 5, No 2, pp 17-29. Rahimi.S. and his colleagues.(2018). “Types of fictional elements of veis and Ramin's poem by Fakhreddin Asad Gorgani”.Tehran: New Achievements in Humanities Studies. Year 2, N 15. pp 107-95.Ramazani, A.(2012).“The history of letter writing in Iran from the beginning to the sixth century of Hijri”. Sanandaj: Persian language and literature. p 5. n 14. pp. 107-130.Ruyani, V. “Similarities of veis and Ramin and Bahman Nameh”. Mashhad: New Literary Essays. No 176. pp 75-94. 2011.Salehi, R.(2016).”Comparison of Pahlavi religion in the personality of Rostam and Samak Ayar”. Persian Language and Literature Development Journal. No 120. pp 3-5.Shad Aram, A.R. and his colleagues.(2019). “The role of women in the two stories of Tristan and Izot and veis and Ramin”. Kerman:Journal of Comparative Literature. No 2. pp 119-136.Yousefi, Gh. H.(1978). A meeting with Ahle Qalam. Volume 1. Edition 2. Mashhad: Ferdowsi University Printing and Publishing Institute.Zarei Fard, R. and his colleagues.(2018). “Investigating the representation of feminine words in the two poems of Veis and Ramin and Khosrow and Shirin from the perspective of language and gender”. University of sistan and baluchestan. Journal of Lyrical Literature Researches. No 33. pp 149-168.Zolfaghari, H. (2018). Iran's public language and literature. 4th edition. Tehran: Samt.
تبلیغات
